What are the main manifestations of geriatric kidney disease? The symptoms of geriatric kidney disease can be completely different depending on the cause, and even the clinical manifestations of the same disease may not be exactly the same in different stages of the disease or in different people. The following is a list of common symptoms of kidney disease. 1.Oedema: It is the most common symptom of kidney disease, but it is not a unique symptom. Many diseases, such as heart disease, liver disease and malnutrition, can have edema. Edema in kidney disease mostly starts from the face and eyelids, followed by the lower limbs and back (lying down part), and in severe cases, there is thoracic fluid and ascites. Oedema often occurs in combination with hypuria and weight gain. Once edema occurs, attention should be paid to limiting water intake and avoiding salt to reduce water retention and aggravate edema. 2. Changes in urine volume: normal people generally have a urine volume of 1500-2000 ml per day and night (24 hours). (1) oliguria and anuria: urine volume less than 400 ml per day and night is called oliguria, except for prerenal factors (such as dehydration, shock, heart failure, etc.), but also seen in acute nephritis, acute progressive nephritis and severe dehydration, high fever, shock and acute renal failure caused by various reasons. Urine output of less than 100 ml per day and night is called anuria, which is mostly seen in severe acute or chronic renal failure and complete postrenal obstruction (bilateral renal pelvis, ureter and urethra). (2) Polyuria and enuresis: Some patients have increased urine volume instead due to renal reabsorption dysfunction, which is manifested as polyuria, especially increased nocturia. Urine volume of more than 3000 ml per day and night is polyuria, which is seen in acute renal failure polyuria phase, tubulointerstitial lesions, diabetes mellitus, and urosepsis, in addition to physiological conditions such as heavy drinking, diuretics and psychogenic polyuria. Urine volume of more than 4,000 ml per day and night is called enuresis, which is divided into three types according to the etiology: renal enuresis, pituitary enuresis and psychogenic enuresis. (3) Nocturia: Normal people urinate 0-2 times at night with a volume of 200-400 ml, which is equivalent to 1/4-1/3 of the total urine volume. if the number of urination and urine volume increase significantly at night, it is called nocturia. In addition, kidney patients can also have hematuria. Large amounts of hematuria are mostly seen in kidney stones, renal tuberculosis and tumors. Frequent, urgent and painful urination is always called urinary tract irritation and is commonly associated with urinary tract infections. Those with serious infections may also experience chills, fever, back pain and pus urination. Some patients have increased foam in the urine, which may be a large amount of proteinuria in the urine should be further examined. 3, hypertension: kidney patients with elevated blood pressure is often an aggravating manifestation of the disease. Therefore, all patients with hypertension should check the urine, pay attention to whether the hypertension caused by kidney disease, that is, renal hypertension, in order to distinguish from primary hypertension. 4, low back pain: intermittent severe low back pain called ‘renal colic’, often radiating along the side abdomen to the perineum, accompanied by cold sweating, hematuria, mostly seen in urinary stones such as renal pelvis, ureteral stones. Most kidney patients may experience vague dull pain or discomfort in the kidney area. If the back pain is accompanied by fever, and buckling pain in the kidney area, urinary routine and middle urine culture should be checked to determine the presence of pyelonephritis. 5. Anemia: Kidney patients can often develop anemia, even epistaxis, blood in urine, blood in stool, etc. in the late stage, which can be mistaken for blood system diseases. 6, other: kidney patients often have loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, etc. mistakenly as gastrointestinal disease to seek medical attention. There are also patients who feel weak, depressed and dizzy with headache. Some kidney patients can have no obvious symptoms and are only discovered during physical examinations or when they visit the doctor for other pathologies.