The relationship between breakfast intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease (including stroke) in Asian populations is unclear. The researchers sought to prospectively investigate whether skipping breakfast increases the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease in the general Japanese population. A total of 82,772 participants (38,676 men and 44,096 women), aged 45 to 74 years, with no history of cardiovascular disease or cancer, were followed from 1995 to 2010. Participants were categorized by eating breakfast, 0 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 to 6, or 7 times/week. The researchers used a Cox proportional risk model to estimate the risk ratio for cardiovascular disease. During the 105,030 person-years of follow-up, there were a total of 4,642 new cases, including 3,772 strokes (1,051 brain hemorrhages, 417 subarachnoid hemorrhages, and 2,286 cerebral infarctions) and 870 cases of coronary heart disease. Multivariate analysis showed that those participants who skipped breakfast weekly compared with those who ate breakfast daily had a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval; P for trend) of 1.14 (1.01-1.27; 0.013) for total cardiovascular disease, a hazard ratio of 1.18 (1.04-1.34; 0.007) for total stroke events, and a hazard ratio of 1.36 (1.10- 1.70;0.004). Similar results were seen after exclusion of early cardiovascular events. There was no significant association between the frequency of breakfast intake and the risk of coronary heart disease. The frequency of breakfast intake was negatively associated with the risk of stroke, particularly cerebral hemorrhage in Japanese, suggesting that daily breakfast consumption may be beneficial for stroke prevention.
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