Neonatal meconium aspiration syndrome is a common condition in the neonatal period and is also a critical condition. The main manifestation is that the fetus inhales contaminated amniotic fluid during delivery, especially third-degree contaminated amniotic fluid, which can cause pulmonary lesions in the newborn. Due to the presence of large particles contaminated by meconium in the amniotic fluid, these particles may block the small airways of the newborn, causing respiratory distress after birth. Pulmonary air leak, or pneumothorax, can sometimes occur during violent crying or during mechanical ventilation, aggravating the child’s respiratory distress. The main treatment for aspiration syndrome is anti-infective therapy and, if necessary, assisted ventilation can be given under medical supervision.