Urolithiasis is one of the most common urological disorders, with a rapid increase in incidence over the past 20 years, and a recurrence rate of 10% in one year, 35% in five years, and 50% in 10 years without preventive initiatives. As a leading urologist in China, although more than 90% of kidney stones can now be treated with minimally invasive surgery to remove stones or extracorporeal lithotripsy, recurrent stones mean repeated treatment is needed and conservative treatment is more economical. Conservative treatment means life and work environment, abnormalities in one’s metabolism, dietary modification, and medication when necessary. The most difficult for patients with kidney stones is painful hematuria, and the greatest danger is kidney damage due to fluid accumulation. The natural course of small stones without obstruction (ultrasound can observe the presence of dilatation of the kidney and ureter) and without symptoms (back pain, ureteral travel pain, hematuria) is dynamic, the risk of disease progression is unknown, and there is still no industry consensus on the duration of follow-up, timing of intervention and treatment options for such stones, which can include watchful waiting, hydration therapy (2000-3000 ml of plain water), pharmacological lithotripsy treatment, exercise lithotripsy, physical lithotripsy, extracorporeal lithotripsy, and surgical lithotripsy. Indications for drug lithotripsy: 1, stone diameter less than 0.6 cm; 2, smooth stone surface; 3, no obstruction in the urinary tract below the stone; 4, the stone does not cause complete obstruction in the urinary tract and stays less than 2 weeks; 5, stones of special composition, lithotripsy is recommended for pure uric acid stones (without sodium urate and ammonium urate stones) and cystine stones; 6, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopic lithotripsy and adjuvant therapy after ESWL. Pharmacological treatment: Pharmacological treatment of renal colic includes nonsteroidal analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, opioid analgesics, mebendazole, tamsulosin, etc. Infected stones and uric acid stones can be lithotripsed by percutaneous renal perfusion medication, and pure uric acid stones can be lithotripsed by oral medication. Pre-stone analysis (our hospital has an infrared spectroscopy stone analysis instrument) can provide information on stone composition, and urinary PH and x-ray flat kidney stone film imaging features can provide preliminary information on stone type. Oral lithotripsy is based on the application of potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate to alkalize the urine, and the efficiency of lithotripsy increases with increasing pH within a certain range, but it may lead to calcium phosphate stone formation. When uric acid stones cause obstruction of the collecting system, oral lithotriptic drugs need to be combined with ureteral drainage by indwelling stent tubes.