Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in older men. Its pathology is characterized by hyperplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal cells surrounding the migratory zone of the prostate around the urethra, with the hyperplastic cells forming multiple small tumors that then fuse to form larger adenomas separated from each other. The enlarged gland, bladder neck outlet obstruction, and increased smooth muscle tone of the prostate give rise to a series of clinical symptoms, which are described as benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), benign prostatic obstruction (BPO), and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which overlap with each other and appear in an inconsistent sequence, leading to the complexity of the clinical manifestations of BPH. Many patients are not seen for the first time until they develop BPH-related complications, such as acute urinary retention (AUR), bladder stones, or even renal impairment. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are particularly important. Age and the presence of functional testes are two necessary conditions for the development of BPH. Although there is no internationally recognized epidemiological definition of BPH to date, large foreign autopsy reports have shown that the incidence of histologic BPH increases with age, and that more than 80% of men over 80 years of age develop histologic BPH. age, prostate volume, and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels correlate with BPH progression and are predictors of BPH progression. Race and family history are risk factors for BPH; Asians are less likely than Caucasians and Blacks to undergo BPH surgery, and patients with BPH who are <60 years of age may have a family history of BPH; patients with cirrhosis of the liver are negatively correlated with the development of BPH because of poor estrogen inactivation; physical activity can reduce the frequency of LUTS; and the correlation between smoking and obesity and BPH is not clear.