1, which stones can be treated by percutaneous nephrolithotomy Kidney stone preservation is suitable for: all kidney stones requiring open surgical intervention, ureteral stones in the upper ureter lumbar 4 plane and above; has gradually replaced open surgery;. Contraindications to surgery include: severe cardiac and pulmonary insufficiency; patients with systemic diseases that cannot tolerate surgery. 2.How is percutaneous nephrolithotomy performed PNL requires an experienced surgeon to perform the procedure; different channels of different sizes (microchannel, metal dilating sheath i.e. standard channel, balloon dilating sheath i.e. large channel) and different types of instruments (ureteroscope or nephrolithoscope) are used according to the specific condition of the stone. The means of lithotripsy include: mechanical clamping, pneumatic ballistic lithotripsy, ultrasound adsorption lithotripsy, holmium laser lithotripsy, etc. The patency is treated by a combination of methods depending on the nature of the stone. Multiple complex, oversized stones are more difficult to operate, do not exclude the possibility of staging multiple multi-channel surgery or open surgery treatment. Although PNL is a minimally invasive surgery, it is still invasive and risky; intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, peripheral organ damage, open surgery or even nephrectomy may occur in severe cases. It is important to realize that the purpose of surgery is to relieve obstruction and reduce the damage of stones to kidney function; residual stones can be treated with ESWL and Chinese medicine for stone removal after surgery. 4.What are the complications of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy? The main complication is bleeding; persistent and massive bleeding often requires angiography followed by super-selective embolization; if bleeding is dangerous and difficult to control, open surgery should be changed in time so as to explore and stop bleeding, and if necessary, remove the affected kidney. 5.How long can you be discharged from the hospital? 1 day after surgery, start to eat; 3 days of bed rest, no obvious bleeding can be bed activities; 3 days after surgery, clip off the clamped nephrostomy tube; 4 days after surgery, review the abdominal X-ray, remove the nephrostomy tube; get out of bed; 5 days after surgery, remove the urinary catheter and discharge; 1-3 months after surgery, according to the elimination of residual stone to decide whether to perform extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, 3 months to remove the ureteral stent tube.