With the rapid development of modern medical science, recent anesthesiology, surgical instruments and minimally invasive thoracic surgery techniques, the important role of pulmonary surgery in early stage lung cancer and the status and value of comprehensive treatment of mid- to late-stage lung cancer are gaining more and more attention. In recent oncology, the understanding of non-small cell lung cancer has evolved from a local disease to a systemic disease and a chronic lifestyle disease; the treatment principle has evolved from a single lung resection surgery to a multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment. The concept of surgical-based comprehensive treatment of non-small cell lung cancer has been accepted by the majority of thoracic surgeons. Early lung cancer surgery has developed with the development of TV thoracoscopy and minimally invasive thoracic surgery techniques. TV thoracoscopic minimally invasive surgery for lung wedge resection, lobectomy, and pleural biopsy for unexplained pleural effusion has been commonly performed in many lung cancer centers, tertiary hospitals and specialty hospitals across China. The technology of TV thoracoscopic minimally invasive surgery is becoming more and more mature. It can be said with certainty that patients with stage I, stage II and some IIIA non-small cell lung cancer can clinically benefit from TV thoracoscopic minimally invasive surgical procedures. I. Common surgical procedures for lung cancer Lobectomy is the most common procedure for lung cancer resection. It accounts for approximately 70% of lung cancer lung resections. Bronchial sleeve shaped lobectomy is mainly for a specific group of patients with central lung cancer, where bronchoscopy suggests that the tumor is located at or invades the opening of the lobe bronchus. Total pneumonectomy A surgical procedure for locally advanced lung cancer, which has been decreasing in the last two decades due to the high trauma and high requirements for cardiopulmonary function, and should be performed with caution especially for elderly patients with early stage lung cancer. Local lung resection includes lung segmental resection and lung wedge resection. In recent years, televised thoracoscopic partial lung resection (segmental lung resection and wedge lung resection) has brought survival benefits to patients with early-stage lung cancer at advanced age. Mediastinal lymph node dissection: Pulmonary resection plus mediastinal lymph node system dissection for lung cancer is the current clinical practice for lung cancer developed and recommended by the Chinese Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and the Chinese Society of Thoracic Surgeons. All thoracic cancer surgeons should have to follow it. Accurate surgical and pathological staging is an important basis for judging prognosis and guiding treatment. Secondly, there is a consensus in the field of thoracic surgery at home and abroad that pneumonectomy plus systematic intrathoracic lymph node dissection is the standardized procedure for non-small cell lung cancer today. 1. The clinical stage of lung cancer must be clarified before lung cancer surgery and treatment, and the application of available PET, PET-CT and TV mediastinoscopy can help to obtain accurate clinical stage. 2, T1~3,N0-1 and highly selected partial N2 non-small cell lung cancer can benefit from surgery. Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer with contralateral mediastinal lymph node metastasis N3 (stage IIIB) and existing extra-pulmonary metastasis, surgical treatment cannot bring more benefits to patients. In other words: surgery is preferred for early stage lung cancer, and preoperative chemotherapy can be given for locally advanced lung cancer first, and then decide whether to operate or not depending on the treatment result! 3. Post-operative adjuvant therapy is an effective method to improve long-term survival rate of lung cancer, including adjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant targeted therapy. Therefore, the era of “one knife” to cure lung cancer has long ended! Comprehensive treatment is crucial! 4. No matter what kind of lung resection surgery is performed, the lung hilum, subserosal lymph nodes and mediastinal lymph nodes should be routinely cleared intraoperatively! With the cooperation of pathologists, accurate pathological staging can be obtained to guide the postoperative adjuvant treatment plan. Third, the advantages of minimally invasive surgical techniques of televised thoracoscopic pneumonectomy have been particularly prominent in recent years. Its advantages are less trauma, faster patient recovery, and shorter hospital stay. TV thoracoscopic surgery requires only one 3-4 cm incision and two 1 cm incisions in the chest to complete lung cancer pneumonectomy, which is suitable for most patients with early peripheral type lung cancer. Small-incision open-chest surgery, whose incision length is only one-third of the traditional surgical method, is suitable for most lung cancer patients with indications for surgery. TV thoracoscopic surgery and small-incision open-chest surgery without muscle damage can completely remove all groups of mediastinal lymph nodes and achieve the purpose of radical resection. The common advantages of both surgical approaches are less invasive, mild postoperative pain, and quick recovery, allowing some lung cancer patients of advanced age and poor lung function to have a chance of radical resection. Television thoracoscopic lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer has been written into the NCCN clinical guidelines for the management of non-small cell lung cancer in the United States. Minimally invasive thoracic surgical treatment has become the future direction of lung cancer surgical treatment.