Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is to create a channel from the skin to the kidney at the waist, through which the nephrolithoscope is inserted into the kidney and the kidney stones are broken and removed using laser, ultrasound and other lithotripsy tools. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is one of the techniques of kidney stone extraction, in short: “punching a hole to get a stone”. The procedure involves making a 1cm skin incision in the back of the lower back through a percutaneous nephrolithoscope, using a thin puncture needle to enter the kidney directly through the incision, inserting a nephrolithoscope, and then using an ultrasonic ballistic lithotripter or holmium laser to break up the stone and remove it. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is an important part of urological surgery, and has revolutionized the traditional open surgical treatment of kidney stones and upper ureteral stones, together with ureteroscopic techniques and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, as the main modern treatment for urinary stones. Through a combination of percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopic lithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and laser lithotripsy techniques, more than 90% of kidney stones can be eliminated from open surgery. Stones in the kidney and upper ureter are indications for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is indicated for: 1) kidney stones larger than 2 cm, especially cast stones; 2) complex kidney stones, symptomatic diverticulum stones, intrarenal type stones with combined pelvic stenosis; 3) cystine stones, a type of calcium oxalate stones for which extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is ineffective; 4) upper ureteral segment or stenosis of the junction; 5) foreign bodies from the renal mons and upper ureter. The advantages of percutaneous nephrolithotomy over traditional open surgery are: short hospital stay, mild trauma, less bleeding and low post-operative complications, it is a very technical surgery. The kidney is a very vascular organ, and the blood flow in the kidney accounts for 1/4 of the bleeding from the heart, which requires a very delicate surgical technique to avoid bleeding as much as possible while trying to remove the stone and protect the kidney function. In some ways, this surgery is much more difficult than nephrectomy for kidney cancer. This procedure requires individualized treatment, which means that the location, size and composition of the stones are determined according to the location, number, size and composition of the stones.