Psychosurgery is the treatment of certain mental illnesses by cutting or removing parts of the nerve fibers and parts of the white matter and cortex of the brain, or by causing limited damage to specific parts of the brain, thereby altering the function of parts of the brain. 1976 World Health Organization (WHO) defines psychosurgery as: ” Selective removal or destruction of neural pathways that affect behavior, in order to achieve the reduction or elimination of psychiatric symptoms of surgical treatment.” In December 1888, the Swiss psychiatrist Burckhardt was the first in the world to perform psychosurgery to treat patients, psychosurgery attracted attention. The state of terror disappeared. Inspired by this, in 1936 the Portuguese Moniz used bilateral prefrontal lobotomies to treat severe psychiatric disorders. Under his guidance, neurosurgeon Liman performed the first true psychosurgery. He achieved good results and thus brought psychosurgery to an important stage in history. Later, the American psychiatrist Freeman and neurosurgeon Watta jointly designed the “standard prefrontal leukotomy”, from 1940 to 1955, the number of such operations has been more than a thousand; according to Sargant statistics, by 1962, the United Kingdom has performed all kinds of psychosurgery has reached 15 Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1949. However, it was later discovered that a significant number of patients developed some permanent sequelae after these operations, with a mortality rate and severe sequelae of at least 6%, and some cases developed personality disorders or dementia after surgery. Most famously, Rose Kennedy, the sister of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy, was subjected to what was then called a ‘miracle’ operation for her repeated impulsive behavior, only to end up in a psychiatric hospital for life, unable to live a normal life at all. Many countries (such as the former Soviet Union and some states in the United States) banned the procedure. With the introduction of psychotropic drugs in the 1950s, psychosurgery was gradually replaced by medication and faded out of the field of psychiatric treatment. In the 1970s, the introduction of stereotactic surgery replaced the scalpel with electrocoagulation, condensation, and lasers, and the use of psychosurgery rebounded. The so-called stereotactic surgery method was proposed by Knight in the 1960s, which refers to a treatment method to achieve the purpose of treatment by selective destructive surgery on some deep subcortical nuclei or certain brain tissues that need to be destroyed. It has the advantages of high precision, no craniotomy, clear efficacy, low adverse effects and zero mortality, and is used in clinical practice. In recent years, with the continuous progress of science, more new methods of X-C knife radiation therapy have been applied in the clinic. Psychosurgery is mainly divided into stereotactic neurosurgery, stereotactic radiation neurosurgery, as well as tissue transplantation, deep brain stimulation (DBS), etc. Stereotactic Neurosurgery (SNS) is a minimally invasive surgical method that uses stereotactic (three-dimensional) positioning technology to precisely locate the surgical target in the brain, mainly with radiofrequency electrodes, which are energized to reach a certain temperature to denature a small amount of surrounding brain tissue, equivalent to surgical excision or functional “weakening “and thus play a therapeutic role. More applications are: 1, stereotactic tractotomy (stereotactic tractotomy) is to make an incision in the infraorbital area and bury radioactive yttrium (Yt) in the posterior part of the orbital lobe cortex; 2, stereotactic limbic leucotomy (strereotatDic limbic leucotonmy) is to cut the white matter in 1/4 of the frontal lobe bilaterally to 3. amygdalotomy is to destroy the amygdala bilaterally to control aggressive behavior. Stereotactic Radioneurosurgery (SRS) is a single irradiation that concentrates high-energy radiation on a limited target area in the skull, causing a radioactive reaction, resulting in functional loss or weakening, while the peripheral tissues of the target area are protected or minimally affected by the rapidly decreasing dose, thus forming a knife-like interface at its edge and achieving a surgical resection-like effect. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure in which electrodes are implanted in the brain to send electrical impulses to specific brain areas to treat refractory movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, chronic pain, and increased muscle tone. Psychosurgery – Indications for psychosurgery: Opinions vary, and there are reports that stereotactic surgical treatment is effective for depressive disorders, anxiety states, obsessive-compulsive disorders and chronic schizophrenia. Based on the history and current status of psychosurgery, and after focusing on its efficacy and prognosis, Professor Yu Qinghan suggested the following indications for stereotactic surgery: 1, stubborn, strong or recurrent suicide attempts; 2, in a highly agitated, aggressive, impulsive or violent, unstoppable state of excitement, disturbing social security, hindering production and affecting family safety; 3, stubborn, difficult to treat and painful 4. Those who are not cured by medication, shock treatment, psychotherapy and other treatments and have psychiatric symptoms that often lead to “trouble”. Surgery can improve the patient’s emotional response to certain psychiatric symptoms, and the patient’s anxiety and tension are improved first. The rest of the symptoms progress more slowly, and there is little change in thinking disorders. Postoperative rehabilitation and training are necessary. For patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, behavioral therapy is recommended; for depression, progressive social rehabilitation measures should be given; for schizophrenia, maintenance treatment with antipsychotics should be maintained. Some patients become emotionally indifferent, gain weight or become obese after surgery, and develop disinhibited states and seizures.