Modern cataract surgery, such as cataract ultrasonic emulsion extraction combined with IOL implantation, has been recognized by patients for its efficacy. However, some of the patients with unsatisfactory visual acuity improvement after cataract surgery in clinical practice are due to refractive problems brought about after surgery, and with the gradual development of cataract surgery, the visual quality after cataract surgery is getting more and more important. Precise IOL design Precise IOL design before surgery is a prerequisite to ensure a good refractive state of the IOL eye after surgery, especially for functional IOLs, the accuracy of calculation is a guarantee to obtain good visual function. However, even with the most advanced calculation formulas and the best measurement tools, measurement errors cannot be completely avoided. Many scholars at home and abroad are working hard to find the most accurate formula or method to calculate the IOL prescription for cataract surgery patients. 2. Surgical technique of cataract: Operators should choose the appropriate surgical method according to their level. Different surgical methods, especially the choice of different surgical incisions, can cause different degrees of postoperative astigmatism, thus affecting the postoperative refractive effect. In recent years, various manufacturers have improved the energy release mode of the ultrasound emulsifier and introduced the “cold ultrasound emulsification” technology. Cold ultrasound emulsification allows surgeons to reduce the surgical incision to 1.5 mm in the dual-channel ultrasound emulsification technology, which reduces postoperative astigmatism. Minimizing the impact of cataract surgery on the quality of ocular optics is an important safeguard for refractive cataract surgery, but surgical complications are inevitable. Intraoperative rupture of the posterior capsule or detachment of the suspensory ligament of the lens is the most common complication of surgery. If the posterior capsule membrane ruptures, changing the implantation position of the IOL means changing the equivalent refractive power of the IOL and the refractive state of the IOL eye after surgery, requiring the surgeon to detect early and handle correctly. 3. Selection of IOL In recent years, with the continuous development of material science and bio-information technology, the design and manufacturing process of IOLs have been improved, and various new types of IOLs have emerged, promoting the development of cataract surgery is moving towards refractive cataract surgery. Aspheric IOLs use aspheric optical surfaces to rearrange light rays, reducing spherical phase aberration and total higher order aberration to a certain extent, thus improving visual quality, dark vision and contrast sensitivity. Multifocal IOLs, all of which work by redistributing the different focal points of the incident light so as to be similar to having the adjustability of a natural lens again. Adjustable IOLs are the trend in cataract surgery. The lens not only has the role of an optical medium, but the lens also has the role of imaging light on the retina through the regulating action, however, conventional IOLs can only enable the vision after cataract surgery to see objects at a certain distance and have no regulating function. At the same time people are looking for IOLs with physiological adjustment function. The injection IOL fits this requirement precisely and is one of the methods to improve the quality of vision, which is currently in the animal experiment stage and has not yet been applied in the clinic. The more advanced SmartIOL IOL is closer to the adjustment function of human eyes, and although this IOL is a long way from clinical application, this IOL will represent the development direction of IOLs and has a wide application prospect. Astigmatism correction IOL: Since the Toric IOL invented by Shimizu et al. in 1992, a variety of such IOLs have emerged one after another. This type of IOL can not only effectively correct astigmatism after cataract surgery, but also significantly improve the visual quality after cataract surgery. With the gradual improvement of surgical equipment and technology, it is important not only to improve the vision but also the quality of life and vision of cataract patients.