Genetic predisposition to hypospadias: Congenital hypospadias may be inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner, or there may be a pattern of inheritance with multiple factors. Some literature suggests that if there is already a child with hypospadias, the probability of having another boy with hypospadias is greater than 20%. More than a dozen chromosomal mutations have been identified in hypospadias, with more than a dozen associated chromosomes, such as mutations in region 16p13.3. Either autosomal abnormalities or sex chromosomal abnormalities can lead to congenital hypospadias. The influence of sex hormones and environmental estrogens has been found to increase the incidence of hypospadias in mothers who have used estrogen or progestin during pregnancy, especially before the third month. Tests have demonstrated that estrogen contamination can affect penile growth and development in American crocodiles. This is the effect of environmental estrogens. It has been found that female workers working in estrogen-producing factories have a higher risk of having children with hypospadias. The fungicidal agent (procymidone) is an androgen receptor antagonist that prevents the development of male genitalia. The herbicide linuron competitively inhibits the expression of dihydrotestosterone-dependent genes There is a release of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds during the production of polyvinyl chloride, aluminum, paper, and pulp, and very small amounts of dioxin can alter the differentiation of fetal androgen-dependent tissues. This is best exemplified by the exogenous effects on wild animals, which have resulted in suburethral cleavage in the offspring of polar bears in zoos. Pregnant women who smoke can increase the risk of hypospadias by increasing the deposition of cadmium in the placenta. Alcohol abuse can cause a variety of fetal malformations, including, of course, hypospadias. Approximately 30% of babies born to pregnant women who drink excessively have the classic alcohol syndrome of developmental delay, small eyes, small head, joint deformities, poor maxillary development, cleft palate, cardiovascular malformations, and genital malformations. In addition, the climate also has an impact, with a higher probability of hypospadias in those conceived in winter. Preventive measures Due to the complexity of the causes of hypospadias, it is impossible to completely avoid the occurrence of this disease, but it is important to avoid the influence of those high-risk factors as much as possible. In the future, it will be possible to determine the allelic variant status in order to avoid high-risk genetic factors. High-risk environmental factors should also be avoided before and after conception, and women should stop using oral contraceptives and use other methods of contraception 3 months before conception. During conception, especially in the first few months, one should visit shopping malls less often, eat less or no estrogen-containing drinks and foods, especially eels, snappers, chickens, ducks and eggs bred with hormones, avoid exposure to pesticides and herbicides, and make constant efforts to improve the living environment, which will surely work well.