Kidney stones are one of the most common diseases of the urinary system. They often cause back pain, hematuria and, in severe cases, hydronephrosis and loss of kidney function. Therefore, once kidney stones appear, they should be treated urgently. Generally speaking, most of the kidney stones need surgery when they are more than 2 cm in diameter. The traditional renal incision for stone extraction is large, bleeding and slow to recover, especially for complex deerstalker-type stones, which cannot be removed even with open surgery. In the past decade, minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy has emerged, which has made a dramatic change in the treatment of kidney stones. in early 2002, Professor Guo Hongqian of the Department of Urology of Nanjing Gulou Hospital was the first to carry out minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in East China, and has cured more than 2000 cases of kidney stones. This technology has fundamentally and completely eliminated the traditional kidney incision and stone extraction. Simply put, a small chopstick-thick hole is made in the kidney, and a nephroscope is used to completely break up and flush out the kidney stones through this small hole. Surprisingly, sometimes a fist-sized kidney stone can be completely crushed and removed through this small chopstick-sized hole. Using this technique, Prof. Guo Hongqian has also cured a number of kidney stones in children caused by taking “Sanlu milk powder”. Currently, the Department of Urology of Nanjing Gulou Hospital is a leader in both quantity and quality of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in East China.