Mediastinal tumors are a group of tumors originating from the mediastinum, including thymoma, intrathoracic goiter, bronchial cyst, dermatomal cyst, teratoma, lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, pericardial cyst, lipoma, neurogenic tumor, esophageal cyst, etc. Most of them are benign. Teratomas are mostly seen under 30 years old, while the rest occur mostly over 40 years old. Most of them have good prognosis except lymphosarcoma and malignant lymphoma. 1. Slow onset, shortness of breath, dry cough, chest pain, and occasionally hemoptysis. 2, Hoarseness, diaphragmatic paralysis, upper limb numbness and superior vena cava compression syndrome. 3. Patients with thymoma have symptoms of myasthenia gravis. Diagnosis: 1. Dry cough, chest pain, shortness of breath or hoarseness, diaphragm palsy and superior vena cava compression syndrome. 2, Chest radiograph or CT examination reveals intradistal pathology. 3.Thyroid scan reveals a retrosternal goiter. 4.Mediastinoscopy can help to diagnose Auxiliary examinations: (1)X-ray examination: routine frontal and lateral chest, radiographs and fluoroscopy can make preliminary diagnosis. Further examination methods include: bronchography, tomography, angiography and mediastinography, etc. (2) Endoscopy. (3) Radioisotope examination. (4) Percutaneous puncture biopsy. (5) Experimental radiotherapy. (6) Biopsy. (7) Electronic computerized X-ray tomography (CT). (8) Thoracotomy or longitudinal sternotomy to remove the mass or biopsy to determine the diagnosis and timely surgical treatment. Differential diagnosis: The nature of the tumor should be identified, substantial, vascular or cystic tumor. Treatment principle: Surgery is the main treatment method. Primary mediastinal tumors, no matter benign or malignant, should be surgically removed as soon as they are detected. Other treatment methods include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, Chinese herbal medicine, biological therapy, etc. 1.Surgery is the main treatment, and those with possible malignant change and metastasis are supplemented with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 2. Malignant lymphoma can be treated with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Medication principles: 1. Mediastinal tumors that are malignant or malignant can be treated with a combination of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and glucosamine. 2.Pyridostigmine is used for those with severe muscle weakness. Efficacy evaluation: 1.Cure: Symptoms and signs disappear, tumor is removed or disappeared. 2.Improved: Symptoms and signs improved, tumor shrunk or not completely removed. 3.Not cured: Symptoms and signs do not improve, and the tumor exists or increases in size. The onset of mediastinal tumor is insidious and slow, and its etiology is not clear. Therefore, early detection can only be achieved through regular chest X-ray examination. Surgery is the main treatment measure. Once the disease is diagnosed, early surgery should be performed to prevent malignancy, and if the surgically removed tumor is diagnosed as malignant by pathology, chemotherapy and radiotherapy should also be performed to improve the treatment effect. Complications: Dyspnea and dysphagia, metastasis may occur in malignant cases. Thymoma can be combined with myasthenia gravis and lupus erythematosus. Prevention: In terms of prognosis, benign ones certainly have a good outcome, and even malignant thymomas have a better prognosis compared to cancers of other organs. The prognosis of malignant lymphomas and malignant germ cell tumors has improved due to advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to the different types of mediastinal tumors, the attention in the convalescence varies. In benign tumors, if the tumor is removed, this will not leave any problems later. In malignant tumors, especially malignant lymphoma, malignant germ cell tumors, and thymic carcinoma, longer adjuvant treatment (chemotherapy) is required. Other less common mediastinal tumors are: hemangioma, lipoma, fibroma and chondroma, etc. Common symptoms are as follows: (1) Respiratory symptoms: chest tightness and chest pain usually occur behind the sternum or on the diseased side of the chest. Most malignant tumors have severe pain when they invade bones or nerves. Cough is often caused by pressure on trachea or lung tissue, hemoptysis is less common. (2) Neurological symptoms: Various symptoms are produced by tumor compression or nerve erosion: e.g. tumor invading phrenic nerve may cause erratic and diaphragm motor paralysis; e.g. tumor invading recurrent laryngeal nerve may cause hoarseness; e.g. sympathetic nerve involvement may produce Horner’s syndrome; e.g. intercostal nerve erosion may produce chest pain or abnormal sensation. If compression of the spinal nerve causes limb paralysis. (3) Infection symptoms: If the cyst ruptures or the tumor infection affects the bronchus or lung tissue, a series of infection symptoms will appear. (4) Compression symptoms: compression of superior vena cava is common in upper mediastinal tumor, mostly in malignant thymoma and lymphatic malignant tumor. If the esophagus and trachea are compressed, symptoms such as shortness of breath or hypopharyngeal obstruction may occur. (5) Special symptoms: Teratoma ruptures into bronchus, patient coughs up sebaceous material and hair. Bronchial cysts rupture into the bronchus and show symptoms of bronchopleural fistula. Very few patients with intrathoracic thyroid tumors have symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Patients with thymoma sometimes have symptoms of myasthenia gravis.