If testicular pain occurs after varicocele surgery, the possible causes are: 1. The surgery ligated the veins of the spermatic cord, thus causing poor blood supply back to the testicles, resulting in transient swelling and pain, which can be gradually relieved with the establishment of side branch circulation. If the epididymis becomes infected after surgery, testicular pain can occur. The testicle can be obviously swollen, accompanied by increased density or thickening of the epididymis, etc. Ultrasound examination of the testicle and routine blood tests are needed to further exclude any infection. 3. After surgery, there may be fluid in the scrotum, combined with scrotal infection, painful symptoms can occur, mostly manifested as skin redness and swelling or accompanied by increased skin temperature, etc. Anti-infection treatment is needed.