Treatment of bile duct stones Treatment of extrahepatic bile duct stones: Surgery is still the main treatment for extrahepatic bile duct stones. The principles of surgical treatment are: (1) to remove as many stones as possible during surgery; (2) to remove biliary strictures and obstructions, and to remove infected lesions; (3) to maintain bile drainage after surgery to prevent recurrence of gallstones. Complications of bile duct stones Acute phase complications The acute phase complications of intrahepatic bile duct stone disease are mainly biliary tract infections, including severe hepatic cholangitis, biliary liver abscess and accompanying infectious complications. The causative factors of infection are related to obstruction of the stones and inflammatory strictures of the biliary tract. Complications in the acute phase not only have a high mortality rate, but also seriously affect the outcome of the procedure. Chronic complications of intrahepatic choledocholithiasis include systemic malnutrition, anemia, hypoproteinemia, chronic cholangitis and biliary liver abscess, multiple hepatobiliary stenoses, lobe fibrosis atrophy, biliary cirrhosis, portal hypertension, liver failure, and delayed hepatobiliary carcinoma associated with long-term biliary tract infection and bile retention. Complications in the chronic phase of intrahepatic choledocholithiasis both increase the difficulty of surgery and affect its outcome.