Renal atrophy is a type of disease in which the kidneys are reduced in size and function due to a decrease in renal units and insufficient blood supply. Generally, renal atrophy is an irreversible pathological change, and the lost kidney units will be replaced by connective tissue, which no longer has the function of reabsorption and filtration. If the kidney is only slightly atrophied, or the degree of atrophy is small, the symptoms are relatively not serious with active treatment. However, if both kidneys are atrophied, the condition is more serious and may even lead to kidney failure and uremia. In case of mild renal atrophy or unilateral renal atrophy, for normal kidneys without pathological changes, they can still carry out normal human metabolic functions. The onset of such renal atrophy is related to many causes, the most important of which is the occurrence of kidney dysfunction, such as nephrotic syndrome, chronic pyelonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, hydronephrosis, renal tuberculosis, etc. If the cause of renal atrophy is found, active treatment can effectively control the progress of renal atrophy and preserve the function of healthy kidneys to the maximum extent. However, when bilateral renal atrophy occurs, the metabolic function of the kidney can be significantly abnormal, and the symptoms may involve the whole body, so it is relatively serious. Bilateral renal atrophy often occurs after chronic kidney disease, and it is easy to be prolonged, or because the patient’s body is in a long-term weak state, the trend is gradually aggravated, and in serious cases, it may cause chronic renal failure, or even reach the uremic period, and may require hemodialysis if necessary. Therefore, it is recommended that patients who have developed renal atrophy should actively seek medical attention to treat the cause of the disease. Patients with chronic diseases need to follow medical advice to take the appropriate drugs on time, according to the course and in sufficient doses to control the disease and avoid continued damage to the kidneys.