–Read the World Tobacco Control Chronology for the past 25 years
The burning of one cigarette produces 12 ml of carbon monoxide. A single heavy cigarette smoke causes cerebral vasoconstriction, followed by dilation, which can be inhibited after repeated smoking. Elevated thromboxane A2 is one of the causes of cerebral vasoconstriction due to smoking. Smoking has an effect on circulatory parameters, with a significant increase in pulse rate, myocardial oxygen consumption, pulmonary vascular resistance, and pulmonary artery pressure, which increases with the amount of smoking. After smoking, carboxyhemoglobin in the blood is up to 10% or more, leading to tissue hypoxia, while the production of nicotine and carbon monoxide stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing the secretion of catecholamines and pressor hormones, leading to increased myocardial oxygen consumption. Stroke or heart disease account for 5-8% of deaths caused by smoking. Compared to nonsmokers, cardiovascular disease deaths increased by 15% in men aged 35-69 years who smoked.
Smoking is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes. In 6250 men aged 35-60 years who were continuously observed for 5-16 years, multivariate analysis was performed using a Cox proportional risk model, with the nonsmoking group as control, and the multivariate corrected RRR was 1.10 in the smoking cessation group and 1.47 in the smoking group; 1.40 for 1-20 cigarettes/d, 1.40 for 21-30 cigarettes/d, and 1.73 for >30 cigarettes/d.
Another study showed that the risk of diabetes was 1.42 and 1.94 times higher in male and female smokers than in nonsmokers, respectively; smoking also decreased insulin sensitivity and was associated with trunk obesity and significantly increased insulin resistance. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is worsened by increased levels of glucose and transforming growth factor (TGF)-b and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Moreover, smoking is associated with macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes and is one of the main causes of premature death in diabetic patients.
Smoking exacerbates atherosclerosis and alters the function of the coagulation system (e.g., elevates fibrinogen, enhances platelet aggregation, decreases HDL-C, and increases hematocrit). Smoking and hypertension are most strongly associated with silent cerebral infarct (SCI), which is equivalent to the relationship between smoking and carotid atherosclerosis. The risk ratio (RR) of the combined risk factors and lifestyle analysis was 1.00 for nonsmoking, 1.06 for passive smoking, 1.16 for past smoking, and 1.88 for current smoking; 3.21 for increasing age; 2.00 for hypertension; 1.36 for diabetes mellitus; 1.64 for non-whites; and 1.11 for women. current smoking was significantly increased regardless of blood cholesterol level. ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebral vascular disease (CVD).
Observational studies have shown that the risk of stroke decreases by 60% after smoking cessation; it takes 5 years of smoking cessation to reduce the risk of stroke to the level of individuals who have never smoked.
Smoking and abdominal obesity are risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Smoking is a risk factor for aneurysmal SAH (aneurysm rupture is dose-dependent and occurs 2-6 years earlier in men and 7-10 years earlier in women) and secondary cerebral vasospasm, and is the single most likely risk factor for early disability or stroke. It is also the single most likely modifiable risk factor for early disability or death.
Since smoking has so many hazards, not only affecting the health of the individual, but also aggravating environmental factors, so that more people have to suffer the same effects; since medical resources in China are not yet abundant, there are still a considerable number of poor people, high medical costs and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes often constitute a trigger point for doctor-patient disputes ….. So why can’t we start with the simplest little thing, the least expensive preventive measure – reducing smoking and eventually quitting ???? ……
In 1985, lung cancer surpassed breast cancer as the number one cancer killer of women in the United States.
In 1988, the Framingham Heart Study found that smoking increased the chance of stroke.
In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the first World No Tobacco Day, which has been observed every year since then on May 31.
In 1990, the GLOB-Alink website, a worldwide tobacco control communication platform created with the help of the International Union Against Cancer, was established.
In 1990, the China Tobacco Control Association was founded.
In 1993, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency declared cigarette smoke to be a Class A carcinogen.
In 1994, the first international smoking cessation competition was held.
In 1996, the U.S. Public Health Service issued its first guidelines for quitting smoking.
In 2002, the Johns Hopkins University Global Tobacco Control Institute established the Global Tobacco Control Research Network.
In 2002, WH0 published the first edition of the Tobacco Map.
In 2004, Ireland introduced a smoking ban in the workplace (including bars and restaurants). One year after the rule was introduced, cigarette sales in Ireland dropped by 18 percent.
In 2005, the WH0 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) entered into force. The country officially signed the Convention in November 2003.
In 2006, Mayor Bloomberg of New York donated $125 million to support tobacco control in countries with serious global tobacco epidemics.
In 2007, WH0 required the parties to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to achieve a 100 percent smoke-free indoor workplace standard five years after the Convention’s entry into force.
In 2008, WH0 released the MPOWER report, which describes the progress of countries in implementing the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and proposes effective tobacco control measures.