γγA stone is a pathological deposit of hardness and morphological structure similar to that of bone that is produced in an organism. They are named because they resemble stones in structure and texture and are deposited in the body. They are classified as hard stones, soft stones, and sediment-like stones according to the form of the stones produced. There are also bone stones, intermuscular stones, intra-articular stones, brain stones, dental stones, esophageal stones, gastric stones, intrahepatic stones, gallbladder stones, bile duct stones, intestinal stones, kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones, urethral stones, intra-vertebral stones, arterial and venous stones, and so on, according to their location in different tissues and organs. The stones can be classified into dominant and occult stones (so-called translucent stones and non-translucent stones) according to their radiographic visibility. According to the physicochemical composition of stones, they can be classified as bacterial, ascaris ova, schistosomal, food residue, cholesterol, bile pigment, alkaline, acidic stones, etc.γγIn most cases, stones do not cause serious pathological damage to the body and are not detected without examination, and are self-perpetuating along with changes in the body’s constitution. Even larger stones do not cause significant discomfort or clinical symptoms. It is when the stone travels along the pathway of its discharge, damages the local ducts by migrating abrasion, or gets stuck in certain narrow places and blocks the discharge of the corresponding physiological and pathological metabolic production, such as urine, bile and blood, that it will cause discomfort and form stone disease.