With the development of modern medicine, 70-80% of patients with epilepsy can be effectively controlled by existing antiepileptic drugs, and more than half of them even achieve seizure-free discontinuation of drugs. This is known as intractable epilepsy.) Intractable epilepsy has become the biggest obstacle for human to conquer epilepsy. According to statistics, there are no less than 1 million cases of intractable epilepsy in China. Surgical treatment of epilepsy is aimed at the refractory epilepsy group, especially partial epilepsy patients. Effective standardized surgical treatment can not only reduce or completely control the seizures, but also improve the neuropsychological function of patients to some extent. However, there are still many patients with epilepsy and even colleagues in primary care hospitals who do not have a comprehensive understanding of surgical treatment of epilepsy, resulting in many patients with intractable epilepsy who could have been cured by surgery missing or delaying the time for surgery. “These designations reflect the different characteristics of refractory epilepsy from different aspects: the clinical These designations reflect different aspects of refractory epilepsy: clinical chronicity and resistance to commonly used antiepileptic drugs. It is generally accepted that frequent seizures, at least 4 times per month, which are not controlled and interfere with daily life after at least 2 years of treatment with appropriate antiepileptic drugs in full course and dose, are considered refractory epilepsy. However, the determination of seizure frequency is not so strict, and in fact a significant proportion of patients have less than 4 seizures/month despite ineffective treatment with various antiepileptic drugs. Furthermore, because many patients experience impaired consciousness or lack of visual evidence of seizures, or the seizures occur at night during sleep, the number of seizures collected clinically is likely to differ from the actual seizure frequency, meaning that the actual frequency of seizures in patients may be higher than the clinical seizure frequency as reported by the patient or collected by the physician. In addition, with the advancement of medicine, mankind has recognized that many epilepsies are refractory from the time of onset, such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Rasmussen encephalitis, hemifacial gyrus, severe myoclonic epilepsy in infants, West syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, hypofractionated astrocytoma secondary to chronic epilepsy, medial temporal lobe epilepsy These have been clinically proven to be refractory epilepsies, and more than 80% of them are resistant to existing antiepileptic drugs. The clinical diagnosis of such patients should be considered refractory once established, and it is not necessary to emphasize that the determination of refractory epilepsy must be made at least 2 years after the administration of medication, but the preoperative evaluation should be performed as early as possible, and patients who meet the indications for surgery should be Seizures should be controlled by surgery.