When it comes to leukemia (blood cancer), people probably won’t forget Sachiko from the Japanese TV series “Blood Doubt”. It was the blood cancer that took away Sachiko’s young and lively life. Sachiko’s father, a hematologist, ultimately failed to save his daughter’s young life. Watching the TV, one could not help but feel sad and sorry for Sachiko’s misfortune. Over the past hundred years since the first case of leukemia was discovered in 1827, the demon of blood cancer has taken away many young lives. According to statistics, the annual incidence of leukemia in Europe and the United States is about 5-10/100,000, while in China it is also about 3/100,000, and it ranks first in the incidence of malignant tumors in adolescents. This shows the ravages of leukemia. Leukemia is divided into acute and chronic. Acute leukemia is aggressive and often presents with infection, uncontrollable high fever, anemia, and generalized bleeding due to a severe reduction in platelets. Examination often reveals enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged liver and spleen, and significant pressure pain on the sternum. The peripheral blood has increased white blood cells and decreased red blood cells and platelets. Bone marrow aspiration cytology has a large number of leukemic cells, and the number of leukemic cells usually exceeds 20% of the number of nucleated cells in the bone marrow, and some patients may have more than 90%. According to the type of leukemia cells, acute leukemia can be divided into acute lymphoblastic leukemia (acute gonorrhea) and acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (acute non-gonorrhea), which includes acute granulocytic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, and red leukemia. Acute gonorrhea is more common in children, while adults tend to have acute non-gonorrhea. Patients with acute leukemia often die within 3 months after the onset of the disease if they are not treated properly. In the past, the treatment of acute leukemia was sadly described in this way: patients walked in through the front door and lay down and went out the back door. In the past, that cruel fact, it left a deep impression on people: blood cancer is incurable! After many generations of hematologists’ efforts, today, the devil, blood cancer, has had to bow its head to people. Today, in the hematology wards, people no longer see the sad and tragic situation in the past. Patients with acute leukemia who are bruised, feverish, and so pale they can’t even speak when admitted to the hospital may achieve complete remission in 60-80% of patients after combined chemotherapy – that is, less than 5% of abnormal cells are seen in the bone marrow smear after bone marrow examination, and the patient’s symptoms disappear completely. We have also achieved satisfactory results in the treatment of acute leukemia after many years of effort, with a complete remission rate of about 75% for acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia and up to 85% for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. After induction of remission with combination chemotherapy, leukemia patients achieve complete remission, and the patient looks like a normal person and can live and study normally, but there are still residual leukemia cells in the patient’s body, and the total number of leukemia cells in the patient’s body can reach 108, i.e. there may still be hundreds of millions of leukemia cells. These residual leukemia cells are the bane of leukemia relapse, and most patients tend to relapse after a period of time after treatment. Therefore, preventing the recurrence of leukemia is a daunting task for hematologists who are battling with blood cancers. Happily, significant progress has been made in research to prevent the recurrence of leukemia. The development of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has given hematologists fighting blood cancers a powerful weapon. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation includes bone marrow transplantation, peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation, which can be divided into autologous and allogeneic transplantation. For the treatment of leukemia, allogeneic stem cell transplantation is the best, while umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation is currently used mainly for children. According to statistics, patients with acute leukemia treated by allogeneic stem cell transplantation have a long-term disease-free survival rate of up to 50%. We have been performing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for more than 10 years. The first allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for adult acute leukemia in Guangdong Province was completed in our department. Miss Chen, the patient treated with bone marrow transplantation, is the longest surviving patient after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation completed in Guangdong Province and has passed the 14th year after transplantation in good health. After the bone marrow transplant, Miss Chen completed her studies and is now happily working. The development of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a blessing for blood cancer patients, and we all hope that more blood cancer patients can be treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to recover their former splendid youth. Blood cancer is no longer an incurable disease!