I. What is the basic function of blood?
Blood is a liquid composed of blood plasma and blood cells, circulating constantly in the human cardiovascular system, with transport, regulation, defense and protection functions, transport functions.
1, blood contains a large amount of water, the specific heat of water is larger, so it can buffer the body temperature changes, and can transport the heat generated by the deep organs to the body surface to be distributed. In addition, blood also contains anti-acid and anti-base substances, when foreign acidic or alkaline substances enter the blood, anti-acid or anti-base substances will play their role, so that the acidity and alkalinity of the blood will not change too much, thus ensuring that the body can normally carry out metabolic defense and protection functions.
2.Blood contains some shaped things such as white blood cells, which are able to eat foreign microorganisms and necrotic tissues in the body.
3.Blood also contains some antibodies against foreign microorganisms, these antibodies can also destroy foreign bacteria and toxins, thus saving the organism from infectious diseases.
4.In addition, when the body is injured and bleeding, platelets and plasma clotting factors can play a role in clotting and hemostasis, thus preventing further bleeding.
Second, what are the blood-forming organs in the human body?
The hematopoietic organs of the human body vary at different stages of development.
In the early stages of embryonic development, blood is produced in the yolk sac, but from the second month of embryonic development, the liver and spleen begin to produce blood, producing red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, gradually replacing the blood-producing role of the yolk sac. After the 4th month of embryonic development, hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen gradually decreases and hematopoiesis in the bone marrow begins and gradually increases. After birth, infants rely almost entirely on bone marrow for hematopoiesis, but when the need for hematopoiesis increases, the liver and spleen can participate in hematopoiesis again to compensate for the lack of bone marrow hematopoiesis. After the age of 4, the growth rate of bone marrow cavity has exceeded the increase rate of hematopoietic tissue, and fatty tissue gradually fills the excess bone marrow cavity.
What are the basic components of blood?
Blood consists of two parts: plasma and blood cells. The blood drawn from the human body, if added with anti-clotting reagents, is centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 30 minutes, so that the blood cells sink and are stratified, the top yellowish transparent liquid is called plasma, the lower layer of dark red opaque is red blood cells, and the middle is a thin layer of white opaque called white blood cells and platelets.
Plasma accounts for 55-60% of the blood volume, and blood cells account for about 45%. The composition of plasma is mainly water and protein, but also contains sugar, lipids, inorganic salts, enzymes and coagulation substances.
Blood cells are divided into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, which are normally suspended in the plasma and maintain the closest relationship with the plasma.
Fourth, what is the process of blood cell maturation?
The process of maturation of various blood cells roughly goes through three different developmental stages: primitive cells → infantile cells → mature cells.
The infantile cell stage is further divided into three periods: early, middle and late infantile.
There are differences in the morphology of primitive, naive and mature cells when viewed under the microscope. For example, primitive cells have nucleoli in their nuclei, but when they develop into mature cells, the nucleoli disappear. The characteristics of blood cells at each stage are used to determine the cells at different stages. The number of various cells in normal people has a certain range, that is, the maturation process of blood cells is distributed according to a certain ratio.
V. What is the function of white blood cells?
The main function of leukocytes is to protect the body from pathogenic bacteria and is the body’s defense mechanism.
Leukocytes are a class of nucleated blood cells, which can be divided into three main categories: granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes according to their form, function and origin. Granulocytes can be divided into neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.
Sixth, what is blood red egg blood? What is the function of red blood cells?
What is the normal value of each hemoglobin, also called heme, is one of the most abundant proteins in human and animal bodies, and it is concentrated in red blood cells. On the other hand, it appears red, causing the blood to appear red. Red blood cells are also commonly referred to as red blood cells, and their function is mainly performed by the hemoglobin contained in them. Its functions are twofold.
1. to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, i.e. to transport the oxygen needed by the body from the lungs to each organ of the body, and then to transport the carbon dioxide of the exhaust gases discharged from each organ to the lungs, which are expelled from the body.
2. To play a balancing role to the acidic or alkaline substances produced by the body, so as not to make the blood too acidic or too alkaline and affect the normal function of the body. Normal value of hemoglobin: 120-160 g/l for men; 110-150 g/l for women.
3, the normal value of red blood cells: 4.0-5.5 × 1012/liter for men; 3.5-5.0 × 1012/liter for women
VII. What is the function of platelets? What is the normal value?
Platelets are the smallest cells suspended in the blood, and its size is only 1/3-1/5 of red blood cells.
The function of platelets is multifaceted, mainly for hemostatic effect. Platelets maintain the normal permeability of capillaries and prevent bleeding from capillaries. As platelets slowly flow along the capillary wall, platelets can fill in the vessel wall to act as a reinforcement. When a blood vessel wall ruptures, platelets can accumulate and block the rupture, while releasing some substances that promote clotting to form a solid clot and stop bleeding.
The normal value of platelets is about 100-300×109/liter. The normal platelet count can vary from 6% to 10%, usually higher in the afternoon than in the early morning, higher in winter than in spring, higher in venous blood than in peripheral blood, and higher after strenuous exercise and in the middle and late stages of pregnancy.
What are the effects of low or high hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets on the body?
1. If hemoglobin is lower than 12 g/l for men and 11 g/l for women, and red blood cells are lower than 4.0×1012/l for men and 3.5×1012/l for women, the patient will experience weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, bloating, diarrhea, dizziness, poor memory, panic, shortness of breath, pale face and pale nails.
2, hemoglobin, red blood cells higher than normal is also bad for the body, can also appear dizziness, tinnitus, face more red, like drunk.
3.Lower than normal white blood cells do not necessarily produce specific clinical symptoms per se, and the patient may not feel anything special, or may only have dizziness, weakness, and insomnia. Because everyone’s resistance to infection varies, patients with low white blood cells do not necessarily have all infections, and some can still work and study as well as healthy people; a few with poor resistance to disease, do not pay attention to hygiene, or when overworked, easily cause colds, skin or urinary tract infections.
4. Higher than normal white blood cells are mostly caused by patients with infectious diseases. Patients mostly show symptoms of infection, such as fever and so on. High white blood cells themselves are often asymptomatic. If infection or other conditions that cause high white blood cells are ruled out, attention should be paid to whether or not it is leukemia. If so, the patient will show some signs of leukemia.
5. Platelets above 50×109/liter, although lower than normal, often do not show bleeding; if lower than 50×109/liter, bleeding may occur. Such as nose bleeding, gum bleeding, excessive menstruation; below 20×109/liter, bleeding is often very serious.
6. But too high platelets are also unfavorable. If platelets form abnormal clots in the blood vessels, they will block the blood vessels and cause necrosis of the organs at the blockage site.
Nine, what is leukemia? What are leukemia cells?
1.Why is leukemia a malignant tumor of the hematopoietic system?
Leukemia is a malignant tumor of the hematopoietic system, characterized by excessive production of leukemia cells in the bone marrow, which invades every organ of the body, such as brain, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, testes, ovaries, etc., so that the function of each organ is impaired and pathological changes occur, with different clinical manifestations, such as enlarged liver and spleen, etc. Leukemia cells are also tumor cells. Morphologically leukemia cells are indistinguishable from normal cells, but functionally such cells can never stop proliferating and do not develop towards mature cells. These excessive cells then invade every organ of the body and cause disease. In contrast, normal leukocytes proliferate in a certain proportion, and mature and naive leukocytes also have a certain proportion and perform the functions of normal leukocytes.
2. As for leukemia being a malignant tumor of the hematopoietic system, it is mainly because it shares the following characteristics with other tumors.
(1) is that leukemia cells, like malignant tumor cells, its proliferation cannot be controlled.
(2) is that it can also invade other organs of the body, causing systemic failure and death.
(3) is that leukemia can also manifest as local tumors, such as acute granulocytic leukemia in children that can infiltrate the eye sockets of the skull and form green-looking tumors.
Ten, how leukemia is harmful to human health?
Leukemia endangers human health mainly through two methods.
1, is the excessive proliferation of leukemia cells in the bone marrow, resulting in a reduction in the number of normal hematopoietic cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets), and because leukemia cells strive for hematopoietic materials during development making normal hematopoiesis difficult. As a result, the body shows anemia, infection and bleeding.
2. Leukemia cells invade various organs of the body and cause damage, such as enlargement of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes when they invade the liver, spleen and lymph nodes.
3.When the brain and meninges are invaded by leukemia cells, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, and blurred consciousness may occur, as well as cramps, limb paralysis, and difficulty in urination; invasion of the kidneys may result in impaired kidney function.
4, when the testicles or ovaries are invaded, sexual function abnormalities can occur whether leukemia is a “death sentence” suffering from leukemia is not the same as a death sentence. In people’s impression, leukemia and other malignant tumors, is considered “incurable”.
5, but due to the current development of science and technology, there has been a major breakthrough in the treatment of leukemia, new treatment methods, such as improved chemotherapy regimens, bone marrow transplantation, coupled with improved nutrition, health conditions, not only to extend the survival of leukemia patients, and some patients can also be cured.
XI. What is the efficacy of leukemia in China?
1. Leukemia, commonly known as blood cancer, has already been mentioned as a result of progressive accumulation of leukemia cells, causing anemia, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. If not treated aggressively, the natural course of acute leukemia is 2.2 months on average from diagnosis. Infection and/or bleeding are the main causes of death.
2. In modern times, supportive therapy including high nutrition, blood transfusions, new antibiotic applications, improved chemotherapy regimens and bone marrow transplantation have led to significant improvements in the treatment of leukemia. With chemotherapy alone, the complete remission rate of acute granulocytic leukemia can reach more than 80%, and 43% of patients in complete remission can survive for more than 5 years.
In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the complete remission rate for children younger than 14 years old is 98%, and the 5-year survival rate (for those who survive for more than 5 years) is more than 70%.
4.For those older than 14 years old and adults, although the complete remission rate can reach 80%, the survival rate for more than 5 years is only about 10%.
5, chronic granulocytic leukemia, the average life expectancy with chemotherapy alone is about 3 years, and usually eventually develops into acute leukemia.
6, chronic becomes acute, the treatment is quite difficult, the efficacy is also quite poor. Bone marrow transplantation is divided into allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and autologous bone marrow transplantation.
From the analysis of existing cases in China, patients with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
The long-term survival rate of patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (more than 5 years of survival) is 82.8%, and 100% of those in complete remission; the long-term survival rate of patients with acute granulocytic leukemia is 66.6%, and 89.2% of those in complete remission; as for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, there is not much information available, but it is generally considered to be much better than chemotherapy.
In patients with autologous bone marrow transplantation, the 5-year survival rate for patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia is about 50%; for patients with acute granulocytic leukemia, the 5-year survival rate is about 60%; for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, only about 30% of patients survive long-term after autologous bone marrow transplantation. In short, with the establishment of new therapies, the efficacy of leukemia has been greatly improved.
XII. What is the incidence of leukemia in China?
The incidence rate of leukemia in China is about 2.76/100,000, ranking 6th (male) and 8th (female) in the mortality rate of malignant tumors, and first in children and adults under 35 years old. In terms of leukemia typing distribution, China is more similar to some Asian countries, with more acute types than chronic types, which is about 5.5:1.
2, acute leukemia accounts for more than 70%, with acute granulocytic leukemia taking the first place, followed by acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and acute monocytic leukemia the least.
3, chronic leukemia to chronic granulocytic leukemia is common, chronic lymphocytic leukemia accounts for only 2%.
4, in all types of leukemia, men are more common than women, about 1.81:1.
5.The age characteristics of each type of leukemia are
(1) Acute granulocytic leukemia and acute monocytic leukemia are more common in adults over 40 years of age.
(2) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is concentrated in patients under 20 years of age, and is more common in patients under 12 years of age, occurring in only about 20% of adult patients.
(3) Chronic granulocytic leukemia is mostly seen in adults.
(4) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, on the other hand, is a typical disease of the elderly, with a male predominance.