Neonates are a special high-risk medical group, because in general, both families and doctors want to wait until the child is a little older before consulting or treating them, and those who are hospitalized for treatment or even surgery are some of the more acute and critical cases. In fact, it is true that neonatal surgery is more risky, and anesthesiologists can feel the reluctance and helplessness when they hear about neonatal surgery, and we doctors also raise our hearts to our throats when we face neonates, but even though the risks are high, we still have to face them. Newborns, especially premature babies, have immature respiratory and thermoregulatory centers, a large ratio of body surface area to body weight, less subcutaneous fat, less energy reserves in the body, and poor regulation of blood glucose; increased non-obvious water loss from skin evaporation, low glomerular rate filtration, insufficient urine concentration capacity, and low discharge threshold for sodium bicarbonate, glucose, electrolytes, etc.; anesthesia inhibition, surgical stress, and exposure of the body to the surrounding Factors such as anesthesia depression, surgical stress, and exposure of the body to surrounding air can cause various postoperative complications in children, including shock, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, water-electrolyte disorders, hypoxemia, and apnea. In addition, various systemic surgical disorders can occur during the neonatal period, among which congenital anomalies are the most important. The neonates, especially premature infants, are not yet well developed, their bodies are in an unstable state, and their regulatory functions and adaptability to the external environment are poor. Due to the seriousness and rapid changes of the preoperative condition and the difficulty of preoperative examinations, surgery is extremely risky, and although active preoperative preparations are made, it is often impossible to wait until the vital signs are completely stable before surgery. Combined with anesthesia, surgery, intraoperative fluid loss and blood loss, postoperative complications are numerous and serious. A neonate is strictly defined as a small baby within 28 days of birth, but the scope of neonatal surgery goes far beyond this age range. Deformities are an important part of neonatal surgery, but not all deformities need to be treated within 28 days of birth, such as polydactyly or syndactyly, congenital hypospadias, congenital megacolon, etc. Some diseases are found late, such as congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Some diseases are found late, such as congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, where the typical symptoms are not obvious until about 4 weeks after birth, and tumors are usually found even later, so as long as they do not affect the growth and development of the child, we recommend that surgery be considered after 3 to 6 months, because as the child grows older, resistance increases and tolerance to anesthesia and surgery is enhanced; and for some malformations and infections, of course, timely treatment or even surgery, such as congenital anal atresia, annular pancreas, intestinal For orthopedic trauma, we recommend early treatment and surgery is usually postponed, for example, congenital myotonic neck, firstly, we give massage and posture correction, and then decide whether to operate after 6 months or 1 year.