Central nervous system injury is one of the most disabling diseases, which brings a large social and economic burden, among which stroke, traumatic brain injury and pediatric cerebral palsy are the most common causes of injury. With the development of health care, the treatment of CNS injury in the acute stage has made great progress, and the mortality rate of patients in the acute stage has been greatly reduced, but it is followed by a relative increase in disability. Of the more than 4 million stroke survivors in China, up to 75% suffer from disability, 40% of which are severely disabled. Although the overall mortality rate for traumatic brain injury has decreased from 50% 30 years ago to about 30% today, 10% of surviving mild cases are permanently disabled, and 66% and 100% of moderate and severe cases are permanently disabled. Cerebral palsy is an important cause of disability in children. The incidence of cerebral palsy in developed countries is 2 per 1,000, of which 36% of children have spastic hemiplegia, and most of them will have severe physical dysfunction as adults. In China, the prevalence of cerebral palsy in children aged 0-6 years is 1.86‰, and it is estimated that there are 310,000 children with cerebral palsy nationwide, with about 46,000 new cases each year, and most of them have central motor disorders and postural abnormalities. Therefore, limb dysfunction after central nerve injury, especially upper limb motor dysfunction, not only makes patients’ quality of life low and lose their labor force, but also brings a huge burden to the country and families. It is of great significance to restore the motor function after CNS injury, especially the upper limb motor function, so that the patients can take care of themselves and return to society, which has been a difficult problem for the clinicians. The current situation of domestic and foreign treatment for restoration of limb function after central nerve injury Currently, the commonly used rehabilitation methods for central nerve injury include forced evoked movement occupational therapy and machine assisted movement occupational therapy, but the role of rehabilitation physiotherapy is very limited. The effect of some traditional surgical methods is also limited, often only improving the appearance but not the function of the affected limb. Other researches such as neurotrophic factor and stem cell transplantation may be promising, but they are still in the laboratory. A large number of studies have shown that functional reorganization can occur around the lesion or even in the contralateral cerebral cortex to gain control of the paralyzed limb after central nerve injury, especially when the damage to the damaged hemisphere is extensive and severe and the residual cortex on the affected side is insufficient to compensate for the lost function, compensatory reorganization of the healthy hemisphere is an important source of functional recovery of the affected limb. The role of this functional reorganization pattern in the functional recovery of the affected limb has been verified by a number of clinical and basic studies at home and abroad, which found that excitation of the motor cortex on the side of the affected hemiplegic hemisphere is important for the compensatory recovery of limb function in patients with chronic stroke, involving the primary motor cortex and the premotor area. Based on the above findings, enhancing the compensatory function of the robust cerebral cortex would be a new direction to improve the function of the affected limb in the chronic phase after central injury. Alteration of peripheral nerve pathways to induce ipsilateral cortical control of the affected limb: compensatory control of the affected limb by the lateral cerebral hemisphere through potential ipsilateral peripheral nerve pathways is an important way to restore limb function after central injury. However, due to the small number and large variability of ipsilateral pathways in anatomy, the brain has some ability to spontaneously reorganize functions after central nerve injury, but this spontaneous compensation is often incomplete, and even perfect rehabilitation training cannot fully exploit this potential. Previous standardized rehabilitation treatment can promote a certain degree of functional recovery of the affected limb, but because spontaneous cortical brain reorganization is very limited, its treatment is far from satisfactory. So, can a new approach be used to enable the healthy hemisphere to better control the paralyzed limb? The functional reconstruction team of upper limb paralysis led by Prof. Wendong Xu of Huashan Hospital has spent nearly ten years across multiple disciplines and with the support of several national research projects, and through numerous horizontal and vertical basic and clinical studies (behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging), they have discovered the healthy cervical 7 nerve root transposition (the first one pioneered by the Department of Hand Surgery of Huashan Hospital during the exploration of the treatment of brachial plexus root avulsion injury). It can be said that this is a new idea to improve the function of the affected limb by strengthening the ipsilateral cortical control after central injury. These scientific results have been accepted or published in top international neurological journals, and have received very good response. In the past 8 years of clinical application, more than 50 patients have achieved various degrees of functional improvement under our careful treatment. Many patients have reported that the function of the upper limb has improved significantly after surgery compared to the preoperative period, and the flexor spasm has been effectively relieved, while the strength of the extensor muscles has been strengthened, so that they can effectively reach objects and improve their grip function. Some of them had already given up the hope of treating their paralyzed hands, and some of them were unable to take care of themselves since they could remember, and could not even lift their own pants to go to the toilet, let alone use their paralyzed hands to hold a candy or a rice bowl, or use their paralyzed hands to help put on clothes or tie their shoes. Now, from the smiling faces of the children when they come for follow-up, we can feel that for these children, their dream is becoming a reality step by step!