Chronic hepatitis B is one of the most serious health problems today. Chronic hepatitis B is a progressive disease that is difficult to treat and has a poor prognosis and can progress to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer if no effective intervention is made. 1. Timing of antiviral therapy It is now recognized that one of the key factors in achieving a response to antiviral therapy lies in the immune status of the patient prior to treatment, and that the response rate is higher in patients treated with antiviral therapy when an immune clearance response occurs. Therefore, patients in the immune tolerance period, i.e., hepatitis B carriers, should be treated with antiviral therapy despite high serum viral load, but it is often difficult to achieve a good response with existing treatment methods, so close observation is advocated to wait for the right time. 2, antiviral treatment goals and treatment endpoints Theoretically, antiviral treatment is to respond to complete clearance of the virus, but practice has proven that clearing the virus is very difficult. Regarding the treatment goal of chronic hepatitis B, both international such as the United States, Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, or our academic groups or experts are basically the same understanding. Our guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B suggest that the overall goals of treatment are to maximize long-term suppression or clearance of HBV, reduce hepatocellular inflammatory necrosis and hepatic fibrosis, delay and stop disease progression, and reduce and prevent liver decompensation, cirrhosis, HCC and their complications, thereby improving quality of life and extending survival time. The Asia-Pacific Consensus for the management of chronic hepatitis B proposes short- and long-term clinical treatment goals. 3, antiviral treatment efficacy evaluation (1) single indicator response ① virological response refers to serum HBVDNA undetectable or below the lower limit of detection, or a decrease of ≥ 2log10 from baseline. ② serological response refers to serum HBeAg conversion or HBeAg serological conversion or HbsAg conversion or HbsAg serological conversion. ③Biochemical response refers to normalization of serum ALT and AST. ④Histological response refers to the improvement of liver histological inflammation necrosis or fibrosis to a specified value. (2) Chronological response ①Initial or early response refers to the response at 12 weeks of treatment. (2) Response at the end of treatment refers to response at the end of treatment. (3) Sustained response refers to 6 months or more than 12 months of follow-up after the end of treatment, with the efficacy maintained and no relapse. (3) Combined response ①complete response refers to HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B patients with normalized ALT, undetectable HBVDNA and HBeAg serological conversion after treatment; HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B patients with normalized ALT and undetectable HBVDNA after treatment. ② Partial response is between complete response and no response. For example, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients, ALT returned to normal after treatment, HBVDNA <105 copies/ml, but no HBeAg serological conversion. ③No response refers to those who do not achieve the above response. 4.Indications and drugs for antiviral therapy A consensus has been reached on the indications for antiviral therapy. Our guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B proposed indications for antiviral therapy include: ① HBV DNA ≥ 105 copies/ml (≥ 104 copies/ml for HBeAg negative); ② ALT ≥ 2 × ULN; if used for interferon therapy, ALT should be ≤ 10 × ULN, total blood bilirubin level < 2 × ULN; ③ If ALT < 2 × ULN, but liver histology shows Knodell HAI ≥ 4, or ≥ G2 inflammatory necrosis. Patients with ① and have ② or ③ should be treated with antiviral therapy; for those who do not meet the above treatment criteria, they should be monitored for changes in their condition, and antiviral therapy should also be considered if they are persistently HBV DNA positive and have abnormal ALT.