Urolithiasis is a multifactorial metabolic disease and those tests that need to be done should be based on the specific condition rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. The following is an explanation of the purpose, significance and precautions of various tests that may be encountered by patients with urinary stones. Knowledge of these tests will enable patients to better cooperate with their doctors in diagnosis and treatment, and improve the efficiency of disease diagnosis and treatment. ① Urine routine ± urine bacterial culture Method of urine retention: Retain mid-stream urine in a sterile bottle. A. Urine routine: Every patient with urolithiasis should have this test. The urine specimen sent for examination should be fresh urine (urine sent for examination immediately after expulsion). Patients with urolithiasis often present with hematuria and pus urine. Normal human urine has 0∼1 red blood cells/high magnification field, and greater than 3/high magnification field is hematuria. Urine leukocytes 0∼2/high magnification field in a normal person, greater than 5/high magnification field is pus urine. Measurement of urine PH (a measure of urine pH) is also very important in patients with urolithiasis, and the results of fresh urine in the early morning fasting are most informative. Urine PH is lower in patients with uric acid and cystine stones, higher in those with infected stones, and in between in those with calcium-containing stones. B. Urine bacterial culture: not as a routine test, not every patient with urolithiasis must have this test. Only when there are obvious symptoms of urinary tract infection (such as urinary frequency, urinary urgency and painful urination), or when there is pus and hematuria in urinary routine, and when urinary stones are suspected to be combined with urinary tract bacterial infection, bacterial culture of clean middle urine should be done, and antibacterial drug sensitivity test should be performed for those with positive bacterial culture, so that antibacterial drugs can be selected reasonably. ② Blood biochemical examination mainly includes blood calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, uric acid, potassium, sodium, chloride, muscle liver and so on. All the results of these items can be obtained by drawing blood once (about 2-4 ml). In general, most patients with urolithiasis should have this test. The purpose is to understand the possible causes of urolithiasis and renal function. A. Blood calcium, phosphorus and magnesium: The main purpose is to find out if there are abnormalities in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Increased blood calcium is commonly seen in hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, multiple myeloma, and metabolic bone disease. Increased blood calcium is often accompanied by increased urinary calcium, which is an important risk factor for the formation of calcium-containing stones. In hyperparathyroidism, blood phosphorus and magnesium are reduced. If hyperparathyroidism is suspected, blood parathyroid hormone should be checked. B. Blood uric acid: Hyperuricemia is often associated with increased urinary excretion of uric acid, which can promote the formation of uric acid stones and calcium-containing stones. Elevated blood uric acid is a manifestation of abnormal uric acid metabolism in the body and is the cause of gout and gouty nephropathy. C. Blood muscle liver, potassium, sodium and chloride: mainly used as indicators of kidney function, increased blood muscle liver often indicates reduced kidney function or failure. Abnormalities in potassium, sodium and chloride indicate disturbances in electrolyte balance. It is worth mentioning that for most patients with urolithiasis, the results of blood biochemistry tests are normal. The significance of this test is to understand the possible etiology and the degree of damage to renal function caused by stones in a small number of patients. (iii) 24-hour urinary lithogenic risk factor measurement Measurement of 24-hour urine volume, PH, calcium, phosphorus, na, magnesium, uric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and saturation of various lithogenic salts in the urine. This test is complex and requires 24-hour urine retention under normal diet under the supervision of a physician. It is done in a small number of patients with multiple recurrences or an apparent family history of urolithiasis. The purpose is to find out the concentration of the main lithogenic salt ions in the urine, which is the basis for an in-depth understanding of the cause of the disease, the development of a recurrence prevention program and an objective indicator to observe the effectiveness of the treatment.