Preoperative guidance is the key to the patient’s postoperative recovery, so explain the purpose and significance of the operation to the patient and his family, so that the patient can master the specific methods of preventing respiratory complications, increase the knowledge of self-care, and improve the patient’s self-care ability. Smoking patients should be educated to quit smoking before surgery, because smoking will make the postoperative sputum sticky and difficult to cluck out, which will increase the chance of respiratory complications. I. Psychological preparation: patients with varying degrees of anxiety before surgery, worried about the safety of the operation, and the postoperative situation, the patient, if any questions, concerns can be asked to the doctor and nursing staff in a timely manner, should be in a positive frame of mind to meet the operation. Respiratory preparation: 1. Smoking will increase bronchial secretion and aggravate respiratory symptoms. Patients should quit smoking 2 weeks before surgery. 2, conscious deep breathing and coughing training, in order to facilitate postoperative lung expansion, the patient should practice abdominal deep breathing and effective sputum evacuation training. Deep breathing exercises (1) abdominal breathing: body relaxation, take the upright position (the weak can take the semi-recumbent position or sitting position), the right and left hands on the abdomen and chest respectively. Relax your whole body muscles and breathe quietly. Inhale through the nose, try your best to lift up the abdomen, the chest does not move; exhale through the mouth, at the same time, contract the abdomen, the thorax to maintain the minimum range of motion, slow exhale and deep inhale, to enhance alveolar ventilation. Breathe 7~8 times per minute, so repeated training, 10~20 minutes each time, 2 times a day. Gradually increase the number of times and time after skillful, and make sure it becomes an unconscious form of breathing habit. (2) Shrinking Lips Breathing: Breathe in through the nose and out through the mouth, and when you exhale, the lips of the mouth shrink together as if you were whistling, and continue to exhale slowly, while contracting the abdomen. The ratio of inhalation and exhalation time is 1:2 or 1:3. The degree of lip contraction and exhalation flow to choose their own adjustments to enable the distance from the lips of the mouth 15-20cm at the candle flame with the airflow tilt does not extinguish to the extent. (3) Yawning (yawning): yawn once every 5~10min, and exhale slowly after continuous inhalation for about 5s. (4) Bilateral Lower Thorax Expansion and Unilateral Lower Thorax Expansion Breathing: (5) Upper Lung Breathing: The hand is placed on the clavicle, protruding during inhalation and concave during exhalation. (6) Inhalation maneuver: one deeper abdominal breath than the other for a total of 3 times. Cough training: guide the correct coughing position and coughing method (1) When coughing in sitting position, the body is slightly forward bending the legs. (2) When coughing in the side-lying position, take the bent-knee side-lying position. (3) Sitting smooth coughing position: sit on the edge of a chair or bed, bend both shoulders slightly inward, head slightly downward, put a small pillow on the stomach and clamp it with both hands. When coughing, cough with your hands on your stomach. (4) through the abdominal or chest breathing method, relax the throat muscles open mouth slightly extended tongue continuous cough 2, 3 sound. Inhalation trainer use Inhalation training that is to encourage the patient to carry out the active movement of deep and slow maximum inhalation movement of a device, by observing the small ball rising scale to determine the amount of inhalation. Method: After taking 1 normal deep breath, suck the ball up by holding the inhaler tightly in the mouth, then remove the inhaler and exhale slowly with the lips contracted, for a total of 5 times. Nebulized inhalation: three days before the operation began to carry out drug nebulized inhalation two to three times a day. Each time 15-20 minutes. Diet: In order to strengthen the body, increase tissue repair and anti-infection ability, preoperative patients should eat some high-calorie, high-protein, high crude fiber, vitamins and fruit acids rich in easy-to-digest food, such as lean meat and fish, eggs, fresh vegetables and fruits, soy products. If necessary, intravenous supplemental nutrition. At the same time, pay attention to maintain the usual urination and defecation. Auxiliary examination: Assist the doctor to improve all kinds of examination, including blood test, X-ray examination, electrocardiogram examination, lung function test, and so on. Gastrointestinal preparation: Because most of the patients are not used to defecate in bed, especially after surgery due to surgical trauma and anesthesia, it is easy to urinary retention and constipation. Therefore, patients should practice defecation in bed three days before surgery. Sixth, the day before the operation to prepare: 1, observe the body temperature changes, such as fever, cough, female patients menstruation to delay the operation period. 2, do a good job of personal hygiene, bath, cut finger (toe) nails, change clean underwear. And the surgical area skin preparation. 3.If necessary, prepare blood and allergy test according to medical advice. In order to prevent asphyxia or aspiration pneumonia caused by vomiting during anesthesia or surgery, generally fasting 12 hours before surgery, 4-6 hours of water. Soft food should be eaten in the night before surgery. 5.Apply sedatives according to the doctor’s prescription to reduce tension and ensure sleep and rest in the night before surgery.