Expert answer: human infected with hepatitis B virus, due to the number of viruses, virulence and the body’s immunity, can produce a variety of different clinical types and results, in addition to a few fulminant hepatitis, the following three types are more common: (1) normal human infected with hepatitis B virus, after the typical acute process or recessive process, the production of antibodies to clear the virus, and restore health, and have the ability to resist infection. (2) Some people, due to lack of immune function, are infected with the virus, which neither produces antibodies nor leads to pathological reactions, with no obvious symptoms and signs, normal liver function, and positive check for hepatitis B virus markers, and are often called hepatitis B virus carriers. (3) Immunocompromised people infected with the virus, can not produce enough antibodies to clear the virus, the virus in the liver cells can cause immune pathological damage, resulting in chronic hepatitis; the disease is recurrent, prolonged, part of it can lead to cirrhosis, and very few can occur primary liver cancer. Main: In this way, although they are also infected with the hepatitis B virus, the results are very different for people with different physiques, and those who are infected with the virus gain immunity, which is beneficial to the body, while others may suffer from chronic hepatitis and even liver cancer. Is that so, Director Zhang. So how exactly is it transmitted? This is because the hepatitis B virus is mainly found in the blood of patients or carriers of the virus, and healthy people may be infected when they come in contact with their blood. For example, surgery, dental treatment, injections, sharing razors and toothbrushes, etc., if contaminated with hepatitis B virus blood will easily cause transmission, usually through broken skin, mucous membrane transmission. The use of blood transfusions and blood products, acupuncture, lax sterilization of needles, and unintentional contact with infectious blood can all cause transmission. Experiments have shown that extremely small amounts of blood containing the hepatitis B virus can cause the transmission of hepatitis B. Therefore, many hospitals require one person, one needle, one sterilization when giving injections to patients, which is also a strict rule to prevent the spread of various diseases, including hepatitis B. Another major mode of transmission is “mother-to-child transmission”, which is also known as vertical transmission or perinatal transmission. Pregnant women who are HBV carriers or have hepatitis B may transmit the hepatitis B virus to their children during childbirth, and the rate of transmission is quite high, and newborns are prone to long-term carriage after infection. In mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B, infants can be infected in several ways: (1) prenatal fetal infection in utero: Infants infected in this way can have hepatitis B virus detected in the umbilical cord blood at birth. Under normal circumstances, the hepatitis B virus does not pass easily due to its barrier effect, so this mode of transmission is not common. It accounts for about 15% of cases. (2) Infection through blood or mouth during delivery: The placental blood, amniotic fluid and vaginal secretions of mothers infected with hepatitis B virus contain a large amount of hepatitis B virus. Therefore, during delivery, the baby is actually surrounded by a large number of infectious objects. In the event of damage to the infant’s skin, mucous membranes and placenta or umbilical cord, these infectious objects can then invade the infant’s circulation and cause a transvascular infection. The infant can also inhale a large number of infectious objects during the course of the birth canal, causing transoral infection, which is the main mode of mother-to-child transmission. (3) Postpartum infection: Mothers are infected several times orally through close contact during feeding or caring for their infants. Because the mother’s milk contains hepatitis B virus, infection may occur while breastfeeding. Main: So can daily life transmit the hepatitis B virus? Generally speaking, only close living contact can cause mutual transmission of hepatitis B. Because there is a certain amount of hepatitis B virus in the body fluids of a person with hepatitis B, such as saliva, urine, and breast milk, it is possible to get infected with hepatitis B virus by living together in a family and having close contact. There is also a view that even though people’s body fluids contain virus, but the content is very low, when they come into contact with some objects, there is no information on this side of whether or not they will leave much infectious virus on these objects. In contrast, normal human skin and mucous membranes have a barrier effect and are difficult to transmit. But we feel that, in any case, the possibility of this infection exists and attention should be paid to proper prevention. The main: look like this hepatitis B is really quite a lot of ways of transmission, after understanding these, for us to prevent it is also very good, director Zhang, hepatitis B is the source of infection is which people? The main sources of hepatitis B infection are hepatitis B patients and carriers of the hepatitis B virus. (1) Hepatitis B patients: patients with all types of hepatitis B, including acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, and heavy hepatitis, are infectious. And in the incubation period and recovery period of infection, still infectious. After clinical treatment. As long as anti–HBs have not been produced, any other 1 HBVM present, are infectious. (2) latent infected patients: also known as subclinical infected patients, infected people without obvious symptoms and signs, can also be called acute non-jaundice type patients. Such patients are not easily detected in time, or not detected at all, and their infectiousness and the role of the infectious agent, but also easy to be ignored. (3) Hepatitis B virus carriers: generally divided into asymptomatic carriers, latent carriers and post-infection carriers. The vast majority of HBsAg carriers, with very few simple 1 HBsAg positive, always have other antigenic antibodies present. Such HBV carriers, like recessive infections, are often overlooked and underappreciated for their infectious and contagious role. Therefore, it is said that recessive infections and virus carriers, is the main source of infection of hepatitis B. One avoid pessimism and disappointment, chronic hepatitis patients if long-term pessimism and disappointment, emotional depression, not only in the treatment is not beneficial, but will make the body’s immune function decline, which will lead to aggravation of the disease, accelerate the chronic hepatitis secondary or complications of some serious diseases. The second avoid sloppy carelessness, because there is no special treatment drugs for chronic hepatitis, its treatment is a long process. Some patients think that there is no special medicine for chronic hepatitis anyway, treatment or not to cure a kind, simply let it go, long-term not to go to the hospital examination and treatment. Some patients do not pay attention to rest, work too hard, and even play cards, chess, stay up late for a long time. In fact, rest and diet itself is the auxiliary treatment for chronic hepatitis, irregular diet or not paying attention to the combination of nutrients will inevitably affect the recovery of liver function. We hope that chronic liver disease patients pay attention to the disease without pessimism, active treatment without blindness, open-minded and cheerful without paralysis, on the basis of this doctor-patient cooperation, careful treatment, it is entirely possible to keep the condition stable in the long term. Specialized: In daily life need to pay attention to is not to eat a lot of sugar with into the high-calorie diet. Research and practice has proved that a high-carbohydrate, high-calorie diet, not the more the better, this is because high sugar can be synthesized in the liver low-density lipids, so that the blood triglycerides increase, so that blood flow slows blood viscosity increases, the tiny blood vessels in the red blood cells, platelets can occur aggregation and blockage phenomenon, causing harm to the body. In addition, hepatitis patients rest more, less physical activity, excess nutrition, which increases the lipids in the body easily occur high blood lipids and fatty liver. This aggravates the hepatitis lesion and makes it persistent. Therefore, now advocate the use of high protein, low fat, moderate carbohydrate and calorie diet to facilitate the recovery of hepatitis, rather than the higher the sugar calories the better. Specialized: first of all, we must manage the source of infection, all people with hepatitis B virus in their bodies are the source of hepatitis B. Acute chronic hepatitis B patients must be hospitalized. Pay attention to isolation. If a hepatitis B patient is cured, as long as the hepatitis B virus still exists in the body, it is contagious, to prevent saliva, blood and other secretions from contaminating the surrounding environment, the teacups, tableware, toiletries used to separate from healthy people. Chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatitis B virus should understand the knowledge about the transmission of the virus, know this knowledge will know how not to transmit the disease to others. These people can work and study like normal people, except they should not work in childcare, childcare and catering industry. Society should not discriminate against them. Another way is to effectively protect healthy people, and the best way is to get vaccinated against hepatitis B. In addition to blocking mother-to-child transmission caused by HBV-infected pregnant women, the hepatitis B vaccine also provides immune protection to susceptible people who may come into contact with the source of hepatitis B infection. Practice has proven that hepatitis B vaccination is the most effective weapon for the prevention and control of hepatitis B. With proper use, satisfactory results can be obtained. It is recommended that all people who are not infected with the hepatitis B virus should be vaccinated against hepatitis B. It is believed that as long as people are aware of the prevalence of hepatitis B infection, pay attention to the prevention of hepatitis B, pay attention to the protection of all susceptible people, and receive hepatitis B vaccination at the right time, there will not be so many patients every year, and this worldwide infectious disease will be gradually controlled and eventually eliminated.