Neural tube defects are malformations of the neural tube that occur during the development of pregnancy, also known as neural tube malformations. If a fetus has a neural tube malformation, there may be defects in the neural tube area after birth, with serious malformations such as cleft lip, cleft palate, spina bifida or even anencephaly and absence of spinal cord. Neural tube defects can be caused by genetic factors, radiation exposure, viral infections, drug factors, or due to deficiency of folic acid and vitamin B12, or severe malnutrition of the pregnant woman. Folic acid and nutritional elements can reduce the chance of fetal neural tube defects if supplemented regularly during pregnancy preparation or early pregnancy. Usually, the mother will not show any symptoms when the fetus has neural tube defects, and the neural tube defects can only be detected through maternal examination during pregnancy. The first major screening is usually performed at 22-24 weeks of gestation, and the second minor screening is performed at 26 weeks of gestation, which can screen most of the fetuses with neural tube defects. Pregnant women should pay attention to maintaining nutritional intake, avoiding exposure to toxic and harmful substances, and having regular maternity checkups to avoid giving birth to deformed babies.