Objective To retrospectively analyze the neural tube closure insufficiency patients who were hospitalized for surgery in the neonatal period from 2002-1 to 2011-12, and to investigate the indications for surgery, postoperative long-term results and their therapeutic significance with respect to each pathology type. Methods All neonatal admissions were clearly diagnosed by cranial or spinal MRI, and 11 of 76 children were untreated, 24 were operated in an emergency, 41 were operated in a limited period of time, and preoperative and postoperative evaluations were performed to assess bowel and bladder function and lower limb motor function. Results: 11 cases of untreated children, 5 cases had no indication for surgery, 6 cases were abandoned by parents, 50 cases were followed up for more than six months after surgery, accounting for 76.9% of the treated patients, with an average follow-up time of 43.06±28.36 months, and the original symptoms improved, 46.1% had bowel and bladder disorders, 33.3% had motor dysfunctions, and 22% were intellectually backward. Conclusion: Neural tube closure insufficiency in neonates should be evaluated on the basis of quality of life, and those with surgical indications should be treated in time, which is of positive significance in preventing secondary neurological damage.