Kidney cancer is one of the common malignant tumors, and its incidence rate has increased by more than 9% annually in China in the past 20 years. It is estimated that kidney cancer accounts for 2%-3% of all malignant tumors in adults. The incidence of kidney cancer varies from country to country or region to region, and the incidence of kidney cancer in developed countries is higher than the incidence of kidney cancer in developing countries. The incidence of kidney cancer in developed countries has been steadily increasing in the past two decades. With the improvement of medical treatment, the proportion of early stage kidney cancer (< 4 cm) has increased significantly. For these small renal cancers, there is a growing clinical trend toward kidney-conserving surgery. However, many people doubt the tumor control effect of kidney-conserving surgery, worrying that the tumor is not cleanly cut and easy to recur. So what is the effect of kidney-conserving surgery? Let's take a look at a study published in October 2010 in the American Gold Medal Urology Journal (urology), which compared the effectiveness of kidney-conserving surgery with radical nephrectomy for early-stage kidney cancer. The study looked at 1,622 cases of early kidney cancer treated with kidney-preserving surgery and 5,658 cases of early kidney cancer treated with radical nephrectomy from 1988 to 2004. After 5 years of follow-up, it was found that the rate of death due to kidney cancer after kidney-conserving surgery was 1.8%, while the rate of death due to kidney cancer after radical nephrectomy was 2.5%, and the difference was not significant. However, the non-cancer mortality rate after radical surgery was three times that of kidney-preserving surgery, the main reason for which was the high rate of chronic renal insufficiency occurring after radical surgery. This study concluded that kidney-preserving surgery is comparable to radical surgery in terms of the effect of controlling early-stage renal cancer, but kidney-preserving surgery has fewer long-term complications (mainly renal insufficiency), so it is recommended that kidney-preserving surgery for early-stage renal cancer should be promoted in hospitals with conditions.