Prevention of lung cancer
Lung cancer is the most common primary malignant tumor of the lung. Most lung cancers originate from the bronchial mucosa epithelium, so it is also called bronchial lung cancer. The highest mortality rate of malignant tumors in both men and women is lung cancer. Therefore, prevention of lung cancer is especially important. Prevention of lung cancer is divided into primary prevention and secondary prevention.
Primary prevention
1.Prohibit or control smoking: the mechanism of lung cancer caused by smoking has now been studied more clearly, epidemiological data and a large number of animal experiments have completely proved that smoking is the main factor causing lung cancer. Therefore, to promote the toxic effects of tobacco; prohibit smoking indoors and in public places; actively persuade smokers to quit smoking as soon as possible.
2, reduce the harm of industrial pollution: should start from the following aspects.
(1) In the dust pollution environment, workers should wear a good mask or other protective masks to reduce the inhalation of harmful substances.
(2) Improve the ventilation of the workplace to reduce the concentration of harmful substances in the air.
(3) Modify the production process to reduce the production of harmful substances.
3.Reduce environmental pollution: air pollution is an important lung cancer-causing factor. Among them, there are mainly 3,4-dumb pyrene, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide (including PM2.5), etc. Environmental pollution reduction and measures are as follows.
(1) Limit the development of urban motor vehicles, improve the combustion equipment of motor vehicles, and reduce the emission of toxic gases.
(2) Research on harmless energy, gradually replace or eliminate those harmful energy.
(3) Improve indoor ventilation equipment to reduce harmful substances in the small environment.
(4) Pay attention to reduce outdoor activities in the hazy weather when PM2.5 exceeds the standard; if you want to do activities, it is recommended to wear a mask.
(4) In terms of mental health, keep your spirit happy, and do not mope over trivial things.
5, diet should be rich in nutrition, vitamin A, D, should eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, eat less or no smoked food.
6, more sunshine, strengthen outdoor activities.
7, active prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases (pay attention to rest, maintain adequate sleep time; keep indoor ventilation; preventive vaccination such as influenza vaccine and vaccine, especially for people with low immunity: children, the elderly, pregnant women, diabetic patients, patients with chronic heart and lung diseases, tumor patients, AIDS patients, etc.). (Preventive vaccination should be used with caution for patients with allergies; reduce visits to densely populated public places to avoid cross-infection; pay attention to hand hygiene, wash hands regularly, and do not pick your nose or rub your eyes with your fingers; take advantage of Chinese medicine and take supplements under the guidance of professional physicians according to the principle of evidence-based treatment, but avoid taking supplements blindly)
Secondary prevention
1. Regular health examination including lung (X-ray/CT ) and other related examinations, etc.
2. Tumor antigen detection.
(1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): 70% of lung cancer patients can have elevated CEA, the sensitivity varies among different pathological types, among which adenocarcinoma is the highest, normal reference value: serum CEA <5ug/L.
(2), glycoconjugate antigen 50 (CA50): CA50 is abnormally increased in lung cancer patients, normal reference value: serum CA50＜24U/ml.
(5), cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) lung cancer patients with elevated CA15-3, normal reference value: serum CA15-3 <28U/ml.
(6), β2 microglobulin (β2M) lung cancer patients with abnormally high β2 microglobulin, normal reference value: serum β2M <24mg/L, urine <160ug/L.
(7), neuron-specific enolase (NSE): NSE level is 5-10 times higher in patients with small cell lung cancer than in other types of lung cancer, with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 80%-90%, normal reference value: serum NSE <12.5 U/mL.
(8), Cytokeratin 19 fragment (CyFRA21-1)
CyFRA21-1 is a new marker for lung squamous epithelial cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer, which is significantly elevated in patients with lung squamous epithelial cell carcinoma, with a sensitivity of 70% specificity of 95%. It is meaningful for the early diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer efficacy observation and judgment.
For general tumor marker examination of lung cancer, single or multiple tests can be selected from the above-mentioned indices, especially the combined test of several indices will have better effect.
3.Pay attention to the screening of suspected lung cancer.
Long-term heavy smoking (smoking index *〉400 annual cigarettes) over 40 years old have the following conditions: *smoking index = daily smoking index × number of years of smoking
(1) irritating cough without obvious causes lasting 2-3 weeks and ineffective treatment.
2) pre-existing chronic respiratory disease with a change in the nature of the cough.
3) persistent or recurrent blood in sputum in a short period of time without other explanations
4) recurrent episodes of pneumonia at the same site, especially segmental pneumonia
5) lung abscess of unknown cause, without toxic symptoms, without large amounts of pus sputum, without history of foreign body inhalation and without significant effect of anti-inflammatory treatment
6) unexplained joint pain in the extremities and pestle-like fingers (toes).
7) limited emphysema or segmental lobar lung atelectasis on X-ray.
In conclusion, to prevent and treat lung cancer, it is crucial to develop good living habits and reduce the exposure to harmful substances; to pay attention to physical examination is to strive for early detection and early treatment is an important element for disease cure.