Deafness is a more familiar condition, but it has long been under-recognized and under-appreciated. In fact, the incidence of deafness is very high, according to the population survey statistics, one out of every 1000 newborns is congenitally deaf, and the percentage of deafness in different populations is 1% for youth, 14% for 45-64 years old, 30% for 65-74 years old, and 50% for over 75 years old. There are about 27 million people with hearing and speech disabilities in China, including more than 2 million deaf people, and the number is increasing by more than 30,000 every year. Deafness brings great pain and heavy burden to individuals, families and society. Depending on the location and nature of the lesion, deafness is generally classified as conductive deafness, sensorineural deafness (often called neurological deafness), and mixed deafness. Conductive deafness is the result of lesions in the external auditory canal and middle ear. Nerve deafness is caused by damage to the hair cells of the spiral apparatus, the auditory nerve, the auditory conduction pathway, or neurons at all levels, resulting in impaired sound perception and nerve impulse transmission and cortical deficits. In mixed deafness, there is both a sound transmission disorder and a sensory or neural transmission disorder. A large proportion of deaf patients are neurologically deaf. The etiology of neurological deafness is complex and can be congenital or acquired. The etiology of congenital neurological deafness is divided into genetic (due to genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in the parents) and non-genetic (hearing impairment caused by maternal factors during pregnancy such as viral infection in early pregnancy or delivery factors such as neonatal asphyxia). The causes of acquired neurogenic deafness are as follows: 1. Sudden deafness: severe sensorineural deafness that occurs suddenly without any apparent cause within a short period of time, mostly within 3 days of a rapid hearing loss, and is currently thought to be related to impaired blood supply to the inner ear and viral infection; 2. Infectious deafness: such as mumps, epidemic meningitis, rubella, measles, chickenpox, influenza, etc., with mumps causing more common; 3. Age-related deafness. It is a manifestation of the aging process of the human body in the auditory organs, the age of appearance and the speed of development varies from person to person, and mostly manifests as slowly progressive deafness in both ears; 4, deafness caused by systemic diseases: common hypertension atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus causing inner ear microcirculatory disorders, nephritis renal failure, hypothyroidism, etc.; 5, ototoxic deafness: the use of ototoxic drugs (such as streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, kanamycin, quinine, paracetamol, etc.) Deafness caused by the use of ototoxic drugs (such as streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, kanamycin, quinine, cisplatin, etc.) or long-term exposure to certain chemicals (such as phosphorus, benzene, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, etc.); 6. Traumatic deafness: such as head injury, shell shock, etc.; 7. Noise-related: slowly progressive deafness that occurs as a result of long-term noise stimulation; 8. Others include autoimmune deafness, Meniere’s disease, auditory neuroma, cochlear sclerosis, etc. Therefore, for patients with progressive deafness on one side and Therefore, patients with progressive deafness and tinnitus on one side should be examined by MRI of the internal auditory tract and brainstem evoked potentials, except for auditory neuroma. The treatment of neurological deafness is a very difficult problem, and there is no specific drug available. In early stages of deafness, treatment such as improvement of inner ear microcirculation, neurotrophy, hormone, hyperbaric oxygen, etc. is feasible, especially for sudden deafness and traumatic deafness, which should be treated as early as possible. For neurological deafness in both ears, which affects normal life, study and workers, hearing aids should be chosen, and cochlear implantation is feasible for those who have severe or very severe neurological deafness in both ears. For infants and children with permanent hearing loss, interventions should be carried out within 6 months of age, including speech amplification and hearing aid fitting. For children with severe or profound neurological deafness in both ears, if there is no significant effect with hearing aids for 3-6 months, preoperative evaluation for cochlear implantation should be performed at about 10 months of age and cochlear implantation should be implemented as early as possible. Those who cannot afford cochlear implantation should not give up, and should be taught to speak by mouth, so that they can be deaf but not dumb. Because of the difficulty in treating neurological deafness, prevention is especially important. We should start from the following aspects: 1. stop inbreeding, strengthen maternal and child health care during pregnancy and childbirth; 2. strengthen research on health care for the aging population to slow down the aging process; 3. prevent and control infectious diseases, actively treat hypertension and diabetes; 4. strengthen hearing health care and reduce noise; 5. avoid ototoxic drugs as much as possible; 6. avoid cranio-cerebral injury. Through the efforts of human beings, we hope that everyone will live happily with beautiful melodies and be free from deafness.