I. Stone-discharging therapy For those with stone diameter ≤ 0.4 cm, good contralateral renal function and no obvious obstruction. Use water, herbal medicine, diuretics, antispasmodics, and postural drainage to expect stone discharge. II. Chemical lithotripsy For uric acid stones that do not cause obvious obstruction. Adopt low purine diet, alkalinize urine, and take allopurinol internally for hyperuricemia. Kidney stones requiring active treatment (a) Kidney stones <2.5 cm in diameter 1. 2. If the lithotripter has good performance and the operator is experienced, the indications can be relaxed. 3. Return to the hospital for regular review after ESWL. If the lithotripsy obstructs the ureter for more than 2 weeks and/or if the lithotripsy is infected, a double J tube should be placed, and if necessary, a percutaneous nephrostomy should be performed. 4. ESWL is generally not indicated for kidney stones combined with renal insufficiency, acute pyelonephritis, and upper urinary tract obstruction (e.g. stenosis) lesions. ESWL should be used with caution for isolated kidney combined with stones. (2) Kidney stones >2.5 cm in diameter 1. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is used, and it is also suitable for single stones that have not been released from obstruction by ESWL for more than 3 times and for multiple stones in the renal calyces. Intraluminal lithotripsy with laser, ballistic or electrohydraulic lithotripter is used, and a nephrostomy tube or double J-tube needs to be placed. 2.Kidney stone combined with renal insufficiency or pus accumulation, first percutaneous nephrostomy and drainage, and then phase II stone extraction after renal function improves or infection control. 3.Laparoscopic pyelotomy is only suitable for simple extra-renal pelvic stones. (C) Complete and partial deerstalker kidney stones 1.Using PCNL, stones can be retrieved in multiple stages, and huge stones can be retrieved in multiple channels. 2.Stones with diameter >0.5cm can be combined with ESWL after PCNL. Open surgery for stone extraction (a) Indications: 1.Anatomical deformity requiring simultaneous surgery. 2. ESWL or PCNL is not suitable due to excessive obesity or severe limb contracture. 3. Complete deerstalker stones with narrow renal calyces that are not expected to be treated by PCNL and ESWL several times. 4. Those who have other diseases and need to shorten the course of treatment to avoid complications and succeed in one stone extraction. (2) The choice of procedure: 1. Preserve the renal parenchyma as much as possible, and choose pelvic dissection ± ballistic lithotripsy, or parenchymal dissection without atrophy to retrieve the stone according to the specific situation. If the stone is located in the highly dilated renal calyces or renal poles, nephrectomy should be performed. 3. Nephrectomy is only suitable for recurrent stones with severe renal impairment, combined with refractory infection and good contralateral renal function. V. Infected kidney stone Before and after surgery, bacterial stone pass (AHA) + antibiotics should be used, and the stone needs to be removed to eradicate the infection to prevent recurrence. Post-treatment evaluation Do analysis of stone composition, risk factors and etiology of urinary stones, and formulate further treatment and prevention plan.