Leukoaraiosis, also known as leukoaraiosis syndrome, is a chronic multisystem involvement disease with a pathological basis in vasculitis, the cause of which is still unknown. Its pathogenesis may be related to abnormalities in cellular and humoral immunity and immune system dysfunction such as neutrophil hyperfunction in the organism under the action of multiple pathogenic causes. It may also be associated with the following factors, namely genetic factors, microbial infections. In recent years, it has been found through studies that herpes simplex virus and Streptococcus haemolyticus have a correlation with the development of leukoaraiosis. Immune dysregulation is currently recognized as a major cause of leukoaraiosis, in which there are abnormalities in humoral and cellular immunity that can lead to some clinical manifestations specific to leukoaraiosis.