With the rapid development of the national economy, people’s living standards have improved significantly, and people’s demand for health is also growing, natural and man-made disasters are often impossible to prevent, when sudden diseases and accidental injuries occur, mastering some common sense of first aid will come in handy for people and themselves.
I. First aid for cardiac and respiratory arrest.
How to determine whether cardiac arrest has occurred.
1, sudden loss of consciousness or short bouts of general convulsions.
2, Loss of pulsation of the large arteries (carotid, femoral, etc.).
3, sigh-like breathing or respiratory arrest with cyanosis.
4, disappearance of heart sounds and undetectable blood pressure.
5, dilated pupils, mostly appearing within 45 seconds after ventricular arrest, with pupils fixed after 1 to 2 minutes. The above 1-3 points are the main manifestations of cardiac arrest.
What to do after cardiac arrest.
Do not wait for the ambulance to arrive and then send to the hospital for treatment. The following first aid measures should be taken immediately for cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
1, the patient to take the supine position, with the head up chin method to open the airway. Chin-up method.
One hand is placed on the patient’s forehead so that the head is tilted back, and the index finger and middle finger of the other hand lift the chin.
2.Mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration.
After a deep breath, the rescuer pinches the patient’s nostrils, mouth-to-mouth (to completely wrap the patient’s mouth), and forcefully blow into the patient’s mouth (blowing requires fast and deep) until the patient’s chest is raised. During exhalation, loosen the patient’s nostrils.
Blowing frequency is about 12 to 16 times / min.
3. Cardiac compressions.
Make the patient lie flat on a hard bed or flat floor. Compression site: the junction of the middle and lower 1/3 of the sternum. Compression frequency: 100 times/min; compression; amplitude: 4-5 cm; compression/ventilation ratio 30:2.
Second, the first aid of coronary heart disease.
Coronary angina is a clinical syndrome with episodes of chest pain or chest discomfort caused by temporary inadequate blood supply to the coronary arteries and myocardial ischemia and hypoxia. It is one of the most common types of coronary heart disease.
How to identify and distinguish real from fake angina.
Chest pain is a very common symptom, and there are many causes of chest pain, among which angina caused by coronary heart disease is most likely to be dangerous. But angina is also easily confused with chest pain caused by other causes. In the hospital, we often encounter patients who come to the clinic because of chest pain. Some patients make a big deal out of it, while others act carelessly even though they have severe angina and may be in danger at any time.
So, as a patient, how can self-identify coronary angina?
1. Sudden onset of chest pain.
Chest pain during an angina attack, the patient has little or no aura, and during two attacks, the patient can feel completely normal. Therefore, the sudden onset of severe chest pain, not to be taken lightly, is often an important signal of angina pectoris.
2. Site of pain.
When typical angina attacks, the site of chest pain is mostly in the left anterior chest, the pain range is as big as the palm of the hand, and can radiate to the left shoulder, the front inner side of the left upper limb, reaching the ring finger and little finger. In atypical angina, the pain can be located in the upper abdomen, radiating to the neck, jaw, left scapula or right anterior chest.
3. Nature of pain.
During an angina attack, the patient often describes a compressive, constricting, obstructive choking sensation in the chest, rather than true pain. Knife-like sharp pain or scratching pain, short pinprick-like or electric shock-like pain, burning-like pain are not real angina. The feeling of tightness in the chest around the clock is not angina. Angina attack often forces the patient to immediately stop activities, do not want to talk, heavy with sweating, near-death fear, rather than shouting.
4, the duration of pain.
The time limit of angina is 1 to 15 minutes, most 3 to 5 minutes, occasionally up to 30 minutes, pain lasting only a few seconds or discomfort lasting all day or several days are not angina.
5, pain triggers.
Angina often occurs at the time of physical activity, rather than after physical activity. Exercise, excitement, anger, excitement, satiety, defecation, etc., may trigger angina, especially after meals, cold weather or in windy weather still outside activities, more likely to make the chest pain attack. But angina can also occur in the state of rest without any cause.
6.Whether nitroglycerin is effective when taking pain.
Angina pectoris is effective within 1-2 minutes after taking nitroglycerin, rarely more than 5 minutes, while other chest pain is not effective.
How to treat angina pectoris in coronary heart disease.
The treatment principle of angina pectoris is to reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, increase myocardial blood supply, and improve collateral circulation.
1. Correction of coronary heart disease predisposing factors.
Such as the treatment of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking cessation, weight reduction, etc.; anemia, hyperthyroidism, heart failure and other factors that increase myocardial oxygen consumption are also corrected.
2, adjust lifestyle to reduce or avoid the occurrence of myocardial ischemia.
For patients with angina pectoris, good lifestyle habits should be developed to eliminate various triggering factors, such as avoiding exertion, emotional excitement, full meals, cold, heavy smoking, etc.
Third, drug treatment.
1, nitrate important anti-angina drugs: nitrate drugs are intravenous and arterial dilators, in low doses to expand mainly intravenous, large doses of simultaneous expansion of arteries and veins.
2, beta-blockers: beta-blockers for angina pectoris mechanism is to reduce myocardial oxygen consumption by reducing the heart rate, myocardial contractility and ventricular wall tension, so it is suitable for exertional angina pectoris.
3.Calcium ion antagonists.
The mechanism of action is.
① blocking the intracellular flow of calcium ions, resulting in reduced myocardial contractility and vasodilation.
② release coronary artery spasm.
(iii) slowing down the heart rate.
(iii) counteracting ischemia-induced intracellular calcium overload in the myocardium.
4. Anti-platelet drugs.
Commonly used aspirin 50~150mg once daily, pansentine 25mg 3 times daily.
4.Surgical and interventional treatment.
For patients with angina pectoris, after the clinical symptoms are controlled, coronary angiography should be performed if available. According to the results of the angiography, depending on the extent, degree and characteristics of the lesion, intracoronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass grafting should be performed respectively.