Upper respiratory tract infection is referred to as upper respiratory tract infection, also known as the common cold. It is a general term that includes acute inflammation of the nasal cavity, pharynx or larynx. The broad sense of upper respiratory tract infection is not a disease diagnosis, but a group of diseases, including the common cold, viral pharyngitis, laryngitis, herpes pharyngitis, pharyngeal conjunctival fever, bacterial pharyngo-tonsillitis. Narrowly defined as common cold, commonly known as “cold”, also known as acute rhinitis, is the most common acute respiratory tract infectious disease, mostly self-limiting, but the incidence is high. Mostly caused by rhinovirus, followed by coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, echovirus, coxsackievirus and so on. It occurs 2 to 4 times a year in adults and more frequently in children, 6 to 8 times a year. The disease can occur throughout the year, but is more frequent in winter and spring. The incubation period varies from 1 to 3 days. The main symptoms are nasal symptoms, such as sneezing, nasal congestion, and clear watery nose, but also cough, dry throat, itching or burning sensation, and even postnasal drip. The symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion and clear watery nose may occur at the same time or a few hours after the onset of the disease. 2 to 3 days later, the nasal discharge becomes thicker, often accompanied by sore throat, lacrimation, loss of taste, breathlessness and hoarseness. There is usually no fever and systemic symptoms, or only low fever, discomfort, mild chills and headache. Physical examination reveals congestion, edema, and secretions in the nasal mucosa and mild congestion in the pharynx. Symptoms such as hearing loss may be present in cases of coexisting pharyngotonsillitis. Purulent sputum or severe lower respiratory symptoms suggest a combination of viral infection other than rhinovirus or secondary bacterial infection. If there are no complications, the disease can be cured in 5 to 7 days. For examination, routine blood tests are usually available. In viral infections, the white blood cell count is mostly normal or low, with an increased proportion of lymphocytes; in bacterial infections, the white blood cell count is often increased, with neutrophilia. In terms of etiology, because of the wide variety of virus types and the lack of significant help in treatment by specifying the type, clear etiological tests are generally not necessary. Bacterial culture can determine the type of bacteria and do drug sensitivity tests to guide clinical use. Clinical diagnosis can be made based on history, epidemiology, nasopharyngeal signs and symptoms, combined with peripheral blood picture and negative chest imaging, and etiological diagnosis is generally not required. Treatment: 1. Symptomatic treatment (1) Rest for the more serious cases or the old and frail should be bed rest, avoid smoking, drink more water, and keep the indoor air circulation. (2) Antipyretic and analgesic drugs such as compound aspirin, acetaminophen, indomethacin (anti-inflammatory pain), painkillers, ibuprofen, etc. can be used for fever, headache, muscle pain and other symptoms. For sore throat, various throat tablets such as lysozyme tablets, Jianmin Throat Tablets, and Liushen Pill can be taken orally. (3) decongestants nasal congestion, nasal mucosa congestion edema, can use pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, can also be used 1% ephedrine nasal drops. (4) Antihistamines often have increased sensitivity of the nasal mucosa when you have a cold, frequent sneezing and runny nose, you can use antihistamines such as chlorpheniramine maleate or benadryl. (5) Cough suppressants For those with more pronounced cough symptoms, cough suppressants such as dextromethorphan and pentoxifylline can be given. 2. Etiological treatment (1) Antibacterial drugs are not needed for simple viral infections. When there is evidence of bacterial infection such as elevated white blood cell count, pus moss in the pharynx and yellow sputum, penicillin, first-generation cephalosporins, macrolides or quinolones can be used as appropriate. (2) Anti-viral drug therapy There is no specific anti-viral drug, and the abuse of anti-viral drugs can cause the phenomenon of influenza virus resistance. The broad-spectrum antiviral drugs ribavirin and oseltamivir have strong inhibitory effects on influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus, which can shorten the course of the disease. 3, Chinese herbal medicine treatment can help improve the symptoms and shorten the course of the disease. The common cold is mild, short in duration and self-limiting, and most patients have a good prognosis. Allergic rhinitis, or allergic rhinitis, is a multifactorial disease induced by the interaction of genes and the environment. It refers to a non-infectious inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa that is mainly caused by the release of IgE-mediated mediators (mainly histamine) after exposure to allergens in atopic individuals, with the involvement of a variety of immunoreactive cells and cytokines. There are 3 necessary conditions for its occurrence: the specific antigen, i.e., the substance that causes the immune response of the body; the atopic individual, i.e., the so-called individual differences and allergic constitution; and the encounter between the two, the specific antigen and the atopic individual. Mainly 1. genetic factors 2. allergen exposure, mainly mites, pollen, animal dander, fungal allergens, cockroach allergens, food allergens. Typical symptoms of allergic rhinitis are mainly paroxysmal sneezing, clear watery nose, nasal congestion and nasal itching. Some of them are accompanied by hyposmia. Examination shows pale nasal mucosa, edema of both inferior turbinates, and clear or mucous snot in the common nasal tract and nasal floor. Skin prick test, serum specific IgE test and nasal excitation test can also be done. The nasal excitation test is the gold standard for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, but it has risks and is not used as a routine clinical method. Treatment is as follows: (1) Avoid exposure to allergens (2) Drug therapy: (1) antihistamines (2) glucocorticoids, mainly localized nasal glucocorticoids (3) anti-leukotrienes (4) chromogranins (5) intranasal decongestants (6) intranasal anticholinergic drugs (7) herbal medicine (3) immunotherapy, which has long-term effects and can prevent the development of allergic diseases. Subcutaneous injection and sublingual administration are commonly used. The course of treatment is divided into dosage accumulation phase and dosage maintenance phase, and the total course of treatment is not less than 2 years. It is mainly used in patients with allergic rhinitis who have failed to respond to conventional drug therapy. Immunotherapy may have local and systemic adverse effects. 4.Surgical treatment, not as a conventional treatment of allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is clinically similar to “typhoid”, with the following differences: (1) rapid onset, itchy nasal cavity, frequent sneezing, clear watery nose, no fever, less cough; (2) mostly caused by allergic factors such as mites, dust, animal fur, low temperature and other stimuli; (3) if the allergen is removed, the symptoms disappear within a few minutes or 1 to 2 hours; (4) if the allergen is removed, the symptoms disappear within 1 to 2 hours. (4) Physical examination shows that the nasal mucosa is pale and edematous; (5) Nasal secretion smear shows an increase in eosinophils. How to prevent 1. Avoid cold, rain, overexertion; avoid contact with cold patients, avoid dirty hands touching the mouth, eyes and nose. Older and weaker susceptible people should pay more attention to protection, wear masks when upper respiratory tract infections are prevalent, and avoid going in and out of public places where there are many people. 2, enhance physical fitness Adhere to moderate and regular outdoor exercise, improve the body’s immunity and cold tolerance is the main method to prevent this disease. 3.Immunomodulatory drugs and vaccines For patients with frequent and repeated occurrence of the disease and those with low immunity in old age, immune boosters can be applied as appropriate. At present, there is no vaccine against viruses other than influenza virus.