1, opioid analgesics Opioid is the familiar opium, made from drying the juice of the poppy fruit. Opioid analgesics are alkaloids extracted from the opium poppy and derivatives in vitro and in vivo, interacting with central specific receptors to relieve pain and produce a sense of well-being. The main drugs in this class include morphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, pethidine (dulcolax), and tramadol. Constipation occurs in at least 90% of patients with long-term use of these drugs. The reason for this is, on the one hand, the weakening of the bowel movement and the reflex to defecate through local action as well as central inhibition. On the other hand, the excitement of smooth muscle, so that the smooth muscle tone of the intestine increases, resulting in a weakened propulsive peristaltic wave or completely disappeared, the intestinal contents through the slow can make the stool dry, but also impede the advance of feces along the colon, resulting in constipation, and even stubborn constipation, and in the long run will also appear paralytic intestinal obstruction. 2, treatment of mental disorders drugs In recent years, the number of people with mental disorders in China is rising, with the widespread use of a variety of therapeutic drugs, and the resulting constipation problems are becoming more and more serious. It can be said that basically all antipsychotic drugs may cause constipation, and the percentage of occurrence will be higher if two drugs are used in combination. Commonly used drugs include phenothiazines, clozapine, chlorpromazine, loxapine succinate, quetiapine, duloxetine, etc. The reason for this is that these drugs have anticholinergic effects on the one hand, and sedation leading to reduced activity on the other. 3, anticholinergic drugs Atropine we are all familiar with, when we eat bad stomach, stomach pain to death, eat a piece of Atropine (or 654-2) will immediately make the pain relief. This we need to know that the pain is due to the smooth muscle spasm of the gastrointestinal tract, and atropine happens to have an antispasmodic effect, which is the principle of its pain relief. Choline is a very useful substance for human body taken from food. It binds to choline receptors in our body and produces parasympathetic excitatory effects, such as inhibition of cardiac activity, contraction of broncho-gastrointestinal smooth muscle and bladder forced urinary muscle, increased secretion of digestive glands, and pupil narrowing. Anticholinergic drugs can bind to choline receptors first and prevent choline from binding to choline receptors, which will inhibit parasympathetic excitation and produce the above opposite effect, which in the gastrointestinal tract is smooth muscle relaxation, peristaltic weakness, inability to empty, and difficulty in defecation. Atropine is such a drug. The choline receptors are divided into two types: M and N. M receptors, also called muscarinic receptors, act on parasympathetic nerves, such as the gastrointestinal tract mentioned above, and N receptors, also called nicotinic receptors, act on both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The drugs described here are mainly those that bind to M receptors. In addition to atropine, such drugs are neostigmine, belladonna, scopolamine, mandelic acid, scopolamine, scopolamine, tangut scopolamine, scopolamine, and scopolamine. All of these drugs may also trigger constipation. 4, ganglion blockers These drugs can selectively bind to N1 choline receptors in ganglion cells, competitively blocking acetylcholine from binding to the receptors, thus blocking the transmission of nerve impulses in the ganglion, and are therefore also known as ganglion blockers. These drugs are mainly some antihypertensive drugs, the representative drugs are hexamethonium bromide, mecamylamine, camptothecin, etc. Because of the many and serious adverse reactions, they are no longer used as long-term treatment of hypertension, and are only used as anesthetic adjuvants to play a controlled antihypertensive effect. Adverse reactions include postural hypotension, dry mouth, blurred vision, difficulty urinating, constipation, etc. 5, calcium antagonists mainly some antihypertensive drugs, these drugs in the lowering of blood pressure at the same time, will cause the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract also dilated, intestinal motility function decreased and cause constipation. Such as nifedipine, amlodipine, lacidipine, diltiazem, etc.. Why calcium antagonists can lower blood pressure is explained here. Blood pressure is the lateral pressure that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels as it flows through them. There are calcium channels in the cell membranes of both the heart muscle and the smooth muscle of the blood vessel wall, which act like a gate to control the entry and exit of calcium ions. An increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration can cause contraction of the cells, resulting in increased vascular resistance, smaller lumen, and higher blood pressure. Calcium antagonists are like faithful gatekeepers. When they bind to the calcium channels, they prevent calcium ions from entering the cells, resulting in relaxation of blood vessels, reduced resistance, and lower blood pressure. In addition, some calcium antagonists, such as amlodipine (Loxodil), can also directly diastolic supply of blood to the heart of the coronary arteries, used to treat angina pectoris. 6, other common drugs that cause constipation are acid containing aluminum, iron, calcium, etc., drugs containing arsenic, lead, mercury and other heavy metals. Clinical barium meal examination, due to the deposition of barium sulfate in the intestine, can make the intestinal emptying function of the patient is not very good therefore produce constipation. Once drug constipation occurs, we should consider reducing the dosage, stopping the drug or replacing it with other drugs without affecting the treatment of other diseases. And according to the severity of constipation, reasonable choice of laxative drugs. Reminder: suffering from anorectal disease is not a long time to delay the disease, some anorectal disease for a long time without treatment will seriously harm the health of patients, a long time without treatment is also likely to induce a variety of other anorectal diseases in one case, which will seriously harm the health of patients and affect the normal life of patients, therefore, in life, if you find yourself suffering from some kind of anorectal disease The actual fact is that you will be able to get a lot more than just a few of the most popular and most popular products.