The main purpose of follow-up is to check whether there are recurrence, metastasis and new tumor. It is not yet possible to determine the economical and reasonable follow-up contents and follow-up time frame, and the competent physician can refer to the following contents with reference to local medical conditions and patient’s condition. The first follow-up can be performed 4-6 weeks after surgery, mainly to assess renal function, recovery status after blood loss and any surgical complications. For patients with NSS, renal CT scan will be performed 4-6 weeks after surgery to understand the morphological changes of the kidney for future review. Routine follow-up includes: ① history questioning; ② physical examination; ③ routine blood and blood biochemical examination: liver and kidney function and blood biochemical indexes of abnormal preoperative examination, such as abnormal preoperative blood alkaline phosphatase, usually need further review because recurrent or persistent abnormal alkaline phosphatase usually indicates distant metastasis or tumor residue. A bone scan is required if there is an abnormal elevation of alkaline phosphatase and/or if there are symptoms of bone metastases such as bone pain. Elevated alkaline phosphatase may also be a sign of liver metastasis or paraneoplastic syndrome; ④ Chest X-ray (frontal and lateral). If economic conditions permit, CT scan of the chest is preferable; ⑤ Abdominal ultrasound examination. Patients with abnormal abdominal ultrasound examination, NSS and post-surgical patients with T3~T4 stage kidney cancer need to have abdominal CT scan examination, which can be performed once every 6 months for 2 years, and later depending on the specific situation. Follow-up time frame for each stage of kidney cancer: ①T1~T2: follow-up every 3~6 months for 3 consecutive years, and annually thereafter; ②T3~T4: follow-up every 3 months for 2 consecutive years, every 6 months in the third year, and annually thereafter; ③After treatment of VHL syndrome: CT scan of abdomen and head should be performed once every 6 months. MRI of the central nervous system, urinary catecholamine measurement, ophthalmology and hearing examination should be performed once a year. The 2010 NCCN Kidney Cancer Clinical Practice Guidelines Kidney Cancer Expert Panel recommends the use of this system to determine the risk of recurrence or metastasis after surgery for limited or locally progressive kidney cancer, and to determine the time interval for patient follow-up and the items to be examined at follow-up based on the level of risk. The adoption of this scheme is conducive to selective imaging examinations, avoiding excessive medical practices or neglecting follow-up examinations, extending the interval of follow-up examinations and reducing the number of examination items for low-risk patients, and requiring focused monitoring for high-risk patients. For patients in the low-risk group, CT scans of the chest were performed once a year for 5 years after surgery, and CT examinations of the abdomen were performed at 24 and 48 months after surgery. In contrast, for patients with regional lymph node metastases, CT scans of the chest and abdomen are required at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months postoperatively, and annually thereafter.