Liver transplantation is one of the important methods for early stage liver cancer. Many patients with liver cancer ask if they can have a liver transplant, so what kind of patients can actually benefit from liver transplantation? In 1996, Italian scholar Mazzaferro et al. performed liver transplantation on 48 patients with post-cirrhotic HCC and found that their 4-year precise survival rate was 85% and recurrence-free survival rate was 92% after a median follow-up time of 26 months. This led Mazzaferro et al. to publish the seminal Milan criteria, suggesting that survival after liver transplantation is comparable to that of patients with benign liver disease for patients with a single tumor ≤5 cm or ≤3 tumors, each ≤3 cm, with small liver tumors. The good prognosis of liver transplantation according to the Milan criteria has led more patients with HCC to opt for liver transplantation. However, a proportion of HCC patients are excluded from the Milan criteria due to tumor progression or death while waiting for liver transplantation. Therefore, there is a growing number of proposals to expand the Milan criteria. Among them, Yao et al. from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) proposed that liberalization of tumor size restriction would not adversely affect the survival rate of liver transplantation for HCC. Therefore, the UCSF criteria (single tumor diameter ≤ 6.5 cm, or number of tumors ≤ 3, maximum diameter ≤ 4.5 cm and sum of tumor diameters ≤ 8 cm) proposed in 2001 modestly extended the Milan criteria for tumor volume limitation. Since liver transplantation can cure many HCC patients who exceed the Milan criteria, based on the data of 1556 HCC liver transplantation patients from 36 organ transplantation centers in Europe and the United States, Mazzaferro, the proponent of the Milan criteria, proposed the up-to-seven criteria, or the new Milan criteria, that is, the sum of tumor number and maximum tumor diameter (cm) does not exceed 7, and patients who meet this criterion The 5-year survival rate of HCC patients meeting this criterion is 71.2%, which is similar to the 5-year survival rate of HCC liver transplant patients meeting the Milan criteria (73.3%). In addition, the Pittsburgh criteria and Barcelona criteria are also available. The advantages of liver transplantation are complete liver replacement and removal of all diseased liver parenchyma. However, there is a worldwide shortage of donor livers, in addition to the fact that only a small percentage of patients meet the criteria at diagnosis, the high cost of hospitalization, transplant-related complications, and lifelong immunosuppressive medications limit the widespread adoption of liver transplantation.