Organ transplantation is one of the most brilliant achievements of clinical medicine in the 20th century, and it has revolutionized the field of medicine. It has become the most effective and fundamental way to save the lives of patients with end-stage organ diseases. To date, following kidney transplantation, the number of people who have received various types of transplants, including liver transplantation, small bowel transplantation, lung transplantation, and heart transplantation, has exceeded 800,000 worldwide, and the long-term survival rate has been increasing year by year, resulting in the formation of tens of thousands of long-term survivors in the transplantation community. Like other organ transplants, liver transplants have gone through a long process of discovery, and in 1963, Dr. Tohmas E Starzl, a U.S. physician, encountered a difficult patient. It was a 3-year-old boy with congenital biliary atresia. By the time he arrived at the hospital, the patient was already in a very precarious condition: severe jaundice, severe liver impairment, and a variety of serious complications, including blood clotting disorders. To save the child’s life, Dr. Starzl thought of a liver transplant, which could restore the child’s health if the liver, which had no bile ducts and was already severely damaged, could be replaced with a healthy, normal liver. After careful consideration, on March 1, 1963, Starzl performed the first liver transplant ever performed on a human being. The operation was extremely difficult, as the liver lesions caused an almost complete blockage of the portal vein, making the pressure in the small veins in the abdominal tissues very high, so that when the tissues were cut, blood continued to gush out of the severed vessels, and the patient died prematurely because of the inability to control the bleeding. Despite the lack of success, there is no doubt that this was the beginning of a new era in transplantation surgery, and this year thus marks the beginning of the history of clinical liver transplantation. In order to make liver transplantation a clinically relevant technique, Starzl, together with his colleagues, conducted numerous animal experiments and refined the surgical technique on the basis of the experience already gained, and on July 23, 1967, he performed a liver transplant on a 1.5 year old patient with liver cancer, which was a success, as the patient survived the postoperative period and was discharged from the hospital, thus becoming the first person to receive a successful liver transplant. He became the first person in history to receive a successful liver transplant. The patient lived for more than 400 days before he died of a recurrence of cancer. However, since no specific immunosuppressive drugs were available at this time, post-operative rejection remained a major problem for both surgeons and patients, and the special structure of the liver made surgery and post-operative management difficult. At a time when research was almost at an impasse, the advent of azathioprine in 1959 brought hope for organ transplantation. It is an immunotransplantation agent that is still in clinical use today, and is relatively safe for clinical use because of its less toxic effects and higher immunosuppressive efficacy than other similar drugs previously discovered. On the other hand, adrenocorticotropic hormones have been used for a long time to suppress excessive inflammation and to treat a number of allergic diseases involving autoimmune reactions, and in 1963, Starzl started to combine azathioprine and prednisone in renal transplantation patients, and, as a result, rejection was suppressed in those patients who were treated with the combination of these drugs. This approach was soon widely used in clinical liver transplantation. The subsequent advent of cyclosporine A (CsA) revolutionized clinical transplantation. This was the first immunosuppressant with some selectivity, originally derived from soil fungi as an antifungal drug, and later experimentally found to exert an anti-rejection effect by interrupting lymphocyte signaling, which was clearly advantageous in comparison since it acted primarily on T lymphocytes, which mediate graft rejection.Calne was the first to use CsA in clinical organ transplantation in 1979. CsA, and in 1980, Starzl demonstrated through animal experiments that the combined application of CsA and prednisone exponentially increased the survival rate of transplanted livers. Soon it became clear that the use of CsA had increased the survival rate of liver transplants from 30% to over 70% – a remarkable success indeed, and a 70% survival rate meant that liver transplants could finally end their long period of clinical trials and officially enter the operating rooms of a wide range of hospitals. Soon after, on June 23, 1983, the Bethesda Liver Transplantation Conference of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) declared that liver transplantation was “no longer an experimental technique, but should be promoted in clinical applications”. The 1980s and 1990s were a period of rapid growth in liver transplantation. During this period, the United States and Europe established a perfect and fair organ allocation network, new technologies represented by intravenous diversion and UW preservation fluids continued to emerge, and a number of large transplant centers were established worldwide. Surgical survival rate is constantly improving. In Europe, America and other countries, the one-year survival rate of liver transplantation is more than 90%, the five-year survival rate has reached more than 75%, the 10-year survival rate has reached 60%, and the longest survivor has been more than 30 years, and the five-year survival rate of malignant tumors has reached 86% on average, which is close to and exceeds the survival rate of surgical resection. Surgical indications have been expanding, liver transplantation has been used to treat including liver parenchymal diseases: such as post hepatitis cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, acute liver failure, chronic active hepatitis, congenital hepatic fibrous disease, cystic hepatic fibrous disease, hepatic cysts, neonatal hepatitis, Bugatti syndrome, severe difficult to recover hepatic trauma; inborn metabolic disorders: such as a-1 antitrypsin deficiency disease, Wilson`s disease, glycogen accumulation syndrome, familial non-hemolytic jaundice, etc.; cholestatic disorders: e.g., congenital choledochal atresia, primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, and secondary biliary cirrhosis; and liver tumors. Today, liver transplantation has become the last hope for many patients with end-stage liver disease, and more and more people are regaining their lives as a result of liver transplantation. Since the 1960s, more than 100,000 patients have undergone the procedure worldwide, with the number increasing by more than 10,000 each year, and many of these patients have achieved a long and stable survival, with many of those who had no hope returning to society to start their lives anew. This technique has become one of the most recognized methods in surgery today, and liver transplantation has become one of the hallmarks of a hospital or even a country’s surgical level. Liver transplantation in China started late, but has developed very rapidly, and the achievements made in recent years have attracted the attention of the international transplantation community.