With the rapid development of society, the massive growth of transportation and the diversification of amusement facilities, the occurrence of cranio-cerebral trauma in infants and young children has increased significantly. Since the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the nervous system of infants and young children are different from those of adults, craniocerebral trauma in infants and young children has obvious symptoms, easy to cause skull deformation and fewer sequelae. So, what are the common traumatic brain injuries? Once a traumatic brain injury is sustained, what measures should be taken in addition to close observation? I hope the following content can give you some tips. 1, scalp hematoma Infants and young children scalp injury is characterized by bleeding in the subscalp aggregation. Because the pediatric scalp is relatively loose, rich in blood vessels, the injury can cause extensive subscalp hemorrhage, the emergence of hematoma. The hematoma is usually small, confined to the directly damaged area, significantly higher than the skin surface, and not significantly painful when palpated. Smaller hematomas pose no risk to the pediatric patient, while larger hematomas may be problematic. Because children have a poor tolerance for blood loss, a small amount of bleeding, especially in infants, can cause shock or anemia. Once the child appears pale, indifferent, with a rapid pulse and other symptoms, he should be promptly treated at the hospital. Small scalp hematoma in the early stages of injury do not rub with your hands, not to mention the hot compress, because bleeding within 24 hours of hot compress can accelerate local swelling, so that the hematoma expanded. It is advisable to apply cold compresses locally within 24-48 hours of the acute phase of bleeding, and then apply hot compresses afterwards, and most scalp hematomas can be completely absorbed within 2-3 weeks. 2, skull fracture The skull of a child is thin and elastic, easy to deform after injury, and a small pit will appear on the top of the baby’s head when a depressed fracture occurs. When this phenomenon is encountered, it is also necessary to go to the hospital immediately, so that the doctor can examine and make a CT scan, which can clarify the scope of the fracture, the degree, and the doctor will decide whether surgery is needed. A depressed fracture >5mm should be surgically repositioned, otherwise it can cause secondary epilepsy. Fractures <5mm can be observed, and most of them can reset on their own with time. If the fracture is more than 5MM-1CM, try to reset the fracture to reduce the sequelae of epilepsy; if after several months or a year of conservative treatment, a lump appears in the original fracture area and is throbbing, this is mostly a growth fracture, that is, the original fracture suture is not closed and the meninges inside grows outward under the scalp, such cases should be surgically repaired and not allowed to develop. 3.Concussion Concussions in infants and young children mostly occur due to bed falls and can be accompanied by skull fractures, but the impairment of consciousness is not obvious. Usually the child cries and fusses immediately after the fall, then is quiet for a while; after a few minutes or hours, he starts to be irritable and vomit again, with pale face and cold and wet limbs and other symptoms. The vomiting is often very persistent within a few hours after the injury. At the same time, the state of consciousness begins to deteriorate, and the child becomes lethargic and lazy, drowsy or drowsy. Most concussions in infants and children do not require special treatment. For those with skull fractures and persistent vomiting, a period of observation is required. In cases of drowsiness, vomiting, seizures, full fontanelle, and bradycardia, a CT scan of the skull should be performed. If seizures occur at the time of trauma and do not recur later, no special treatment is needed. If seizures occur after a period of time (e.g., 1 hour), antiepileptic drugs should be used for a longer period of time. If epilepsy occurs, it needs to be treated formally in hospital. 4, intracranial hematoma Intracranial hemorrhage is the most dangerous secondary lesion in craniocerebral injury. The incidence of intracranial hematoma in infants and children is much lower than that in adults, which may be related to the special physiological anatomy and pathological changes in infants and children. Those with slow bleeding rate, small hematoma size, strong compensatory capacity and cerebral edema, and light swelling response do not require special treatment, and most of the hematomas absorb on their own within one month. In contrast, larger intracranial hematomas, which compress the nudging brain tissue and cause progressive intracranial pressure increase, endanger the life of the child and require surgical treatment. If an infant or young child becomes irritable, vomits frequently, has mildly accelerated breathing, accelerated pulse rate or increased body temperature, and gradually develops coma, mild hemiparesis and epilepsy with the prolongation of time, the child should immediately go to the hospital for CT examination to understand the intracranial hemorrhage, and the doctor will decide the treatment plan. In general, as long as intracranial hemorrhage is diagnosed and operated in time, the prognosis is good and most of them will not have sequelae. In the case of intracranial hematoma, the patient must be hospitalized for observation, and the specific plan will be decided by the doctor. The most common cause of cranio-cerebral injury in infants and young children is fall injury, which is related to the negligence of guardians for safety. So the guardians of infants and young children to strengthen the safety measures of education, so that they understand the knowledge of infants and young children craniosynostosis and preventive measures is to reduce the incidence of infants and young children craniosynostosis fundamental. Let us parents work together to take good care of their babies and prevent various cranial accidents so that they can grow up healthy and happy.