What are the medical treatments for kidney stones?

  Smaller urinary stones can be removed with medication, while most urinary stones can be crushed and excreted through minimally invasive treatment. If the diameter of stone is less than 0.6cm; the surface is smooth; there is no obstruction in the urinary tract below the stone; the stone does not cause complete obstruction in the urinary tract and stays in the local area for less than 2 weeks; the stone of special composition, for uric acid stone and cystine stone, internal treatment is recommended.  1. Drink more water: drink 2000-3000ml of water daily to increase urine volume to 2-2.5L/24 hours. Drink more water before bedtime and in the middle of the night to keep the urine in a dilute state at night, which is helpful to reduce the formation of crystals and eliminate small stones.  2. Change the dietary habits: including limiting salt, protein and oxalic acid intake. Daily sodium intake should be controlled within 3g; protein intake should be controlled at 0.8-1.0g/(kg.d). Foods such as spinach, black tea and chocolate are high in oxalic acid and should be minimized. Eat a low purine diet in case of hyperuricemia and hyperuricuria, avoid eating animal offal, fish and coffee, etc.  3, drug treatment: diclofenac sodium suppository anal plug, oral tamsulosin (alpha-blocker) 0.4 mg/d for 2 weeks, can promote ureteral stone discharge. Patients with uric acid stones can take allopurinol orally at a dose of 300 mg/d, which can be increased or decreased according to renal function and clinical needs. Oral sodium potassium hydrogen citrate at a dose of 3-5g orally 3 times/day to alkalize the urine to maintain urine pH between 6.8-7.2 and inhibit uric acid stone formation.