Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) is regarded as a revolutionary breakthrough in thoracic surgery at the end of the 20th century and is the most widely used thoracoscopic procedure in minimally invasive thoracic surgery. From a technical point of view, VATS is performed through two to three “keyholes” with the aid of video-assisted surveillance, which used to be performed by traditional open-heart surgery. Due to the small incision, the patient suffers less pain and recovers quickly, and can usually be out of bed the day after surgery and be discharged from the hospital within a short period of time. Television (video-assisted) thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was introduced in the 1980s and 1990s to perform minimally invasive surgery (MIS) using television images in combination with thoracoscopy. It is a new modality rather than a new surgical technique, and was initially used for the treatment and diagnosis of cribriform disease. With advances in instrumentation and technology, it is widely used in many different thoracic diseases. Currently, the indications for thoracoscopic surgery are the same as for traditional open-heart surgery. It provides an alternative surgical option for elderly patients, patients with poor lung function and physical ability or patients who are not suitable for large wound openings.