After the biopsy specimen is taken, the biopsy physician sends the specimen to the pathology department for examination. The pathologist will observe the specimen with the naked eye and then place the specimen under a microscope, and then inform the biopsy physician of the results in the form of a pathology report. The pathology report includes the appearance of the biopsy tissue, the cellular structure, and pathological changes or lack of pathological changes found. The pathology report is crucial to the doctor in charge and to the patient, because whether or not to treat and what kind of treatment to give depends on the results of the pathology report. Wang Shangkai, Department of Pathology, Fengqiu County People’s Hospital The first part of the pathology report is the visual observation of the biopsy tissue. The first part of the pathology report is the visual observation of the biopsy tissue, including the whole picture of the biopsy tissue, the biopsy site, the shape of the suspected cancer, and whether the edges are clear. If standard units of measurement are customary, 2.5 cm equals 1 inch and 454 g equals approximately 1 pound. The second part of the pathology report is a description of the results observed under the microscope. This includes a more specialized description of the biopsy tissue at the molecular level, including the phenomena observed by the pathologist under the microscope. “Atypical” is a term used to indicate that the cells do not look normal. Cells with varying degrees of abnormality appear to have larger nuclei (nucleus) and more chromatin (chromatin) than normal cells. The pathologist also looks at the rate of mitosis, which indicates how rapidly the cells are proliferating. “Differentiation” is another term used to describe the specific division of labor within a tissue that allows cells to perform a particular job. The lower the degree of differentiation, the less typical the cells are. When looking under the microscope, care should be taken to see if all the abnormal cells are removed at the biopsy site. To determine this, the pathologist simply looks at the edges of the biopsy tissue under the microscope. If the abnormal cells are surrounded by a ring of normal cells, the biopsy tissue is described as having “clear margins”; all abnormal cells are considered to have been removed. If abnormal cells are still present at the edge of the biopsy, the biopsy is described as having “poor margins”. At this point, the pathologist can advise the supervising physician on what to do next, such as recommending a reoperation site or what other treatment is needed. Generally speaking, the pathology report should also have a final section, the diagnosis. In this section, the pathologist should give a professional diagnosis as to whether the biopsy results are benign or malignant. If benign, it is advisable for the pathologist to indicate whether the biopsy results are predictive of the patient’s future health, i.e., whether the tumor from which the biopsy was taken has the potential to be “malignant”. If the result is reported as malignant, the pathologist should determine the severity of the malignancy based on his or her observation of the section. Sometimes the pathologist will advise the supervising physician as to what additional biopsies should be performed, what findings should be refined, and what specific tests can be performed. All of these should be included in the pathology report.