I. Diagnosis: 1. It is a transient, reversible, localized disorder of cerebral blood circulation, which can occur repeatedly, as few as one to two times and as many as tens of times. It is mostly related to atherosclerosis and can also be a prodromal symptom of cerebral infarction; 2. It can manifest as signs and symptoms of the internal carotid artery system and/or vertebrobasilar system; 3. The duration of each episode is usually about minutes to lh, and the signs and symptoms should disappear completely within 24h; 4. Symptoms that are not TIA include: no other signs of posterior circulation (push-basilar artery system) disorder Loss of consciousness, tonic and/or clonic spasmodic seizures, multiple persistent progressive symptoms of the torso, and flashing dark spots. Differential diagnosis: 1. Partial epilepsy: especially simple partial seizures, often manifested as limb convulsions lasting from a few seconds to several minutes, starting from one part of the torso and extending to the periphery, mostly with EEG abnormalities, and CT/MRI examination may reveal focal lesions in the brain. 2. Meniere’s disease: episodes of vertigo, nausea and vomiting are similar to vertebrobasilar TIA, but the duration of each episode is often longer than 24 hours, accompanied by tinnitus, ear obstruction, hearing loss and other symptoms, with no other neurological localization signs except nystagmus. The age of onset is mostly below 50 years old. 3.Cardiac diseases: As syndrome, severe arrhythmias such as supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, multi-source premature ventricular beats, pathological sinus node syndrome, etc., may present with dizziness, fainting and loss of consciousness due to paroxysmal total cerebral hypoperfusion, but often without focal neurological symptoms and signs, and often with abnormal findings on electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and X-ray examination. 4, other: intracranial tumor, abscess, chronic subdural hematoma, intracerebral parasites, etc. can also appear TIA-like symptoms, primary or secondary autonomic insufficiency can also be due to rapid changes in blood pressure or heart rhythm transient whole brain hypoperfusion, episodes of impaired consciousness, should be noted to exclude. Treatment: The purpose of treatment is to eliminate the cause, reduce and prevent recurrence, and protect brain function. For example, hypertensive patients should strictly control hypertension to make Bp <140/90mmHg, and diabetic patients with hypertension should control blood pressure at a lower level (Bp <130/85mmHg); effectively control diabetes, hyperlipidemia (make cholesterol <6.0mmol/L, LDL <2.6 mmol/L), hematologic disorders, and cardiac arrhythmias are also important. For carotid artery with obvious atherosclerotic plaque, stenosis (>70%) or thrombosis, which affects intracerebral blood supply and has repeated TIA, carotid endarterectomy, thromboendarterectomy, intracranial and extracranial arterial anastomosis or endovascular intervention are feasible. 2.Preventive drug therapy: (1) Anti-platelet aggregation agent: it can reduce the occurrence of microemboli and the recurrence of TIA. Aspirin (ASA) 50-325mg/d, taken after dinner; ticlopidine 125-250mg, 1-2 times/d, or Clopidogre 75mg/d, can be applied alone or combined with double cough Damo. These drugs should be taken for a long time, and clinical efficacy and adverse reactions should be monitored during treatment. Ticlopidine side effects such as dermatitis and diarrhea are more frequent than aspirin, especially leukopenia is more severe, and the white blood cell count should be checked regularly during the first 3 months of treatment. (2) Anticoagulant drugs: It is more effective than antiplatelet drugs for frequent TIA, especially for TIA of the internal carotid system; it can play a role in stroke prevention for TIA of progressive, recurrent and transient black mask. Heparin 100mg can be added to 5% glucose or 0.85% saline 500m1 and injected intravenously at a rate of 10-20 drops/min; if the situation is urgent, heparin 50mg can be pushed intravenously and the remaining 50mg can be maintained intravenously; or low molecular heparin 4000IU, 2 times/d, injected subcutaneously into the abdominal wall, which is safer. Warfarin 2-4mg/d can also be used orally. The exact efficacy of anticoagulation therapy needs to be further evaluated. (3) Other: including Chinese herbal medicine, such as Dan Shen, Chuanxiong, safflower, water frog and other single or compound preparations, as well as vasodilators (such as pulse bolus or niacin Zhantinuo intravenous drip, oral poppy bases), volume expansion drugs (such as low-molecular dextran). 3. Cerebral protection therapy: for frequent TIA attacks and neuroimaging shows ischemic or cerebral infarction lesions, calcium antagonists (such as nimodipine, Cipro, Olepoc) can be given for cerebral protection therapy. IV. Prognosis: In untreated or ineffective cases, about 1/3 develop cerebral infarction, 1/3 continue to have seizures, and 1/3 can resolve on their own.