Patients in the clinic often ask, “Why did she turn negative in three months when she has the same HPV infection and the same CIN grade 1, but I have been treated for six months and I still haven’t turned negative?” Other patients who have already turned negative ask: “I have finally turned negative, but now I am worried about reinfection, what can I do to prevent HPV reinfection?” In fact, these two questions boil down to the same thing: everyone’s health is different, so the infection and clearance rates are also different. Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially persistent high-risk HPV infection, is a high-risk factor in the development of cervical cancer. Most HPV-infected women can clear it from their bodies through their own immunity, but 5-10% of HPV-infected women are unable to clear HPV due to autoimmune factors or other factors and maintain high HPV load, resulting in persistent HPV infection. In women with high-risk HPV infection, 30% develop CIN I, 10% develop CIN II, 10% develop CIN III, and 1% develop invasive cervical cancer. It has been found that in addition to the often mentioned autoimmunity, disruption of the vaginal microecological balance is a major factor affecting HPV clearance. The vaginal microecology is a combination of vaginal flora, endocrine regulation of the body and anatomical structure. In normal women of childbearing age, the vaginal wall is rich in folds, with various glandular secretions and periodic uterine bleeding, providing favorable conditions for microbial growth. For normal women, abuse of antibiotics, vaginal douching, improper use of sanitary products, smoking and unclean sex can disrupt the normal vaginal microecological environment, leading to changes in vaginal flora and affecting the clearance rate of HPV. Also surgery, childbirth, low ovarian function, systemic diseases, use of anti-tumor drugs or immunosuppressants can lead to a decrease in autoimmunity and changes in the vaginal flora. When a woman’s cervix becomes inflamed or diseased, the number of lactobacilli in the vagina gradually decreases, and pathogenic bacteria take advantage of the situation and the rate of HPV infection increases accordingly. Studies have found that the detection rate of anaerobic bacteria in patients infected with HPV is 10 times higher than the normal vaginal flora, while the percentage of Lactobacillus vaginalis is significantly lower. Therefore, in addition to improving their immunity, women with HPV infection need to be checked for inflammation or lesions of the cervix, and their spouses need to be checked together to prevent mutual infection. When we avoid these disease-causing factors and at the same time strengthen our body resistance, we will greatly improve the rate of HPV conversion, and even if we are infected with HPV again, it will be a transient infection and there is no need to worry too much. Therefore, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and regular checkups are the best means to prevent cervical cancer.