Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by the hematopoietic stem cells of the human bone marrow, which make abnormal cells. The main manifestation is that the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells with normal morphology and function or the hematopoietic function fails, which is manifested by severe anemia, subcutaneous bleeding, internal bleeding and easy infection. The first treatment is to stimulate the bone marrow to restore normal hematopoietic function by drugs, such as injection of high-dose recombinant erythropoietin. The disease has the risk of transforming into leukemia, and chemotherapeutic drugs, such as decitabine, can also be applied in advance. The best treatment, and cure, is a bone marrow transplant.