In recent years, with the development of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and endoluminal urology techniques, especially the application of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy and ureteroscopic lithotripsy, a breakthrough in the treatment of kidney stones has been achieved, and the use of open surgery in the treatment of kidney stones has been significantly reduced. In some stone treatment centers, open surgery accounts for only 1-5.4% of kidney stone cases. However, open surgery for stone extraction is still of great clinical importance in some cases. I. Indications 1. There are contraindications to ESWL, URS and/or PNL as a treatment modality for kidney stones. 2. Failure of ESWL, PNL, or URS surgery, or complications of the above treatment modalities requiring open surgery. 3. The presence of diseases that also require open surgical management, such as anatomical abnormalities of the intrarenal collecting system, funnel stenosis, obstruction or stenosis at the junction of the renal pelvis and ureter, and renal prolapse with poor rotation. 2.Optional surgical procedures 1.Simple pelvic or intra-sinus pyelotomy; 2.Joint pelvic parenchymal lithotomy; 3.Non-atrophic parenchymal lithotomy; 4.Radial parenchymal lithotomy; 5.Partial nephrectomy and nephrectomy.