The so-called acute tumor lysis syndrome refers to the abnormal metabolic syndrome that occurs after treatment of malignant tumors. It is mainly manifested by the accumulation of a large amount of metabolites in the body and acute impairment of renal function. The occurrence of tumor lysis syndrome is considered to be caused by the massive destruction of malignant tumor cells after treatment, resulting in the rapid release of intracellular substances into the extracellular space. Tumor lysis syndrome mainly occurs in tumors with rapid growth, high malignancy, large tumor size and sensitive to radiotherapy, such as small cell lung cancer, testicular cancer, some highly malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, etc. These patients mainly present with hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, etc. Once diagnosed, patients with tumor syndrome should be treated early. If diagnosed too late, delayed treatment may endanger patients’ lives.