Numbness, pain, plantar ulcers, foot infections, and gangrene of the toes caused by diabetes mellitus are collectively referred to as the diabetic foot. In recent years, as the incidence of diabetes increases year by year, the incidence of gangrene of the lower limbs caused by diabetic foot also increases year by year. Therefore, the treatment of diabetic foot has received more and more attention and research from clinicians. The treatment of diabetic foot mainly includes blood sugar reduction, infection control, revascularization, plantar decompression and nerve decompression. Broadly speaking, diabetic foot is generally divided into two categories: neuropathic lesions and vaso-occlusive lesions, and in clinical practice, the treatment measures for the two are very different. However, in recent years, great progress has been made in the treatment of both, for example, balloon dilation of the small arteries below the knee, plantar decompression, nerve decompression and other new technologies are promoted by medical experts at home and abroad, among which balloon dilation of the small arteries below the knee relies on the development and utilization of endoluminal interventional devices. The clinical application of plantar decompression and nerve decompression mainly stems from the further understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetic plantar ulcers and diabetic foot neuropathy. In foreign countries, the above techniques have received wide attention and been applied with satisfactory clinical results, while in China they are still in the initial stage. Whether the diabetic foot is caused by neuropathic or vaso-occlusive lesions, if not treated in a timely and correct manner, the patient may face the risk of amputation. Medical experts warn diabetic patients to pay attention to their foot lesions. Peripheral nerve microdecompression is most appropriate for diabetic patients who are just starting to feel numbness and tingling in their lower extremities, cannot maintain balance when walking, or cannot control certain muscle movements in their lower extremities. If the patient feels numbness and pain in the limbs all day long or if the muscle weakness and clumsiness has interfered with daily activities, and if other diseases causing numbness and pain in the lower extremities are ruled out, then surgery may be considered. Of course, it is necessary to confirm that the patient is medically stable, has good glycemic control, normal peripheral vascular condition, and no edema in the limbs before surgery. Surgery should be performed as early as possible before the onset of superficial sensory loss or ulcer formation. The earlier the surgery, the more obvious the improvement in symptoms and the higher the success rate. Of course, an existing ulcer or previous amputation does not mean that the opportunity for surgery is completely lost, and an experienced neurosurgeon should be consulted at this time. This new microscopic neurosurgical approach will certainly relieve the pain and bring hope to more patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.